1 10 2 https://bricklayers.history.ncsu.edu/files/original/027fd1f890a88d1d64251243dae59de1.jpg 0f8e781384029afcd2cd1930a4140fc8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource George Matsumoto (1922-2016) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "George Matsumoto, North Carolina State College professor of architecture", Item # 0000038, c. 1958, People. Administrators, faculty, and staff, M (UA023.024.024), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries, https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/0000038#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-1256%2C-447%2C12241%2C12836 Description An account of the resource NC State Matsumoto was an assistant professor for three years and an associate professor for five, then a full professor. Raleigh is also where Matsumoto started his family. He and his wife, Kimi, had three daughters. After he left NC State, Matsumoto moved back to his hometown, San Francisco and continued to design. However, he kept to larger projects such as San Francisco's School of Nursing and a Buddhist Temple, since he had grown tired of designing homes. Although this is not to say, houses was all Matsumoto designed in North Carolina. He was also the architect for a doctor's clinic in Greenville and IBM's office in Raleigh. https://bricklayers.history.ncsu.edu/files/original/9b1abb06d81f7ad202d0cd0b867d905a.jpg 753782d9dc5132ed209402546fb0cf03 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Matsumoto Wing" Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "Brooks Hall addition", Item # 0001667, c. 1956-1959, Campus facilities and views (UA023.005), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries, https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/0001667#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-316%2C-803%2C6317%2C6164 Description An account of the resource Fred Carter Williams and Associates designed "Matsumoto Wing" and George Matsumoto was the consulting architect. The School of Design did not have a permanent building prior to Brooks Hall and Kamphoefner Hall. The school's beginnings were in the quonset huts in the Court of North Carolina. Around the early 1950s the university decided to construct a larger building for (then called) D.H. Hill library. Thus, the School of Design was able to move into Brooks Hall in 1954. However, Brooks Hall's facilities did not cover all of the School's needs nor its growing reputation, so in 1955 the addition was created. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Matsumoto Wing" Description An account of the resource “When you think about the building it’s added onto, the Matsumoto Wing is a powerful statement for modernism. It’s attached to a 1920s neoclassical building, and it’s the first example of this type of curtain wall in North Carolina. It was meant to, in many ways, exhibit the ideals of modernism from a technological standpoint, where the building is free to have complete walls of windows instead of being constructed of heavy load-bearing walls. It made a statement about the School’s progressive ideals,” said David Hill, current Department Head of Architecture, in the College of Design's news. The Brooks Hall addition, unofficially known as the “Matsumoto Wing” was built in 1955. The wing was planned to house space for ceramics, sculpture, freehand drawing, descriptive drawing, painting, landscaping, design rooms for each year (first to fifth year), a tool room, and offices. Fred Carter Williams and Associates served as the designers and George Matsumoto was the consulting director. George Matsumoto was an architecture professor (1948-1961) and was one of the founding professors of the School of Design. Matsumoto taught second year students in construction material and processes. Matsumoto described the second year being the weed-out year in the architect program. Classes started with about one hundred students, but only about thirty students moved to the third year. Despite the small number these students went on to be brilliant architects. In 1959, ten NC State students won $11,000 out of $18,000 of the total award in the Light for Living Medallion Home Competition. Matsumoto's students competed against students from fifty other colleges and universities. Not only did Matsumoto’s students gain knowledge and prestige, Matsumoto also learned much about himself as an architect and intellectually benefitted from his students. Matsumoto stated in a 1997 interview, “It [teaching] consolidated my own thinking because I had to verbalize what I thought. And it was good discipline for me and there’s some good sharp questioning, too. ...But you are students together. I think I learned more from my students than they did from me.” Along with teaching Matsumoto also was a practicing architect in North Carolina. In the late 1940s modernist architecture was just beginning. Modernist design principles had not been assessed and consolidated. Therefore, a design school based on modernism was revolutionary. Dean Henry Kamphoefner encouraged faculty to practice; in his view, their work was their research. Matsumoto designed several homes, many of which were for Raleighites such as Banks Talley Jr., J. Gregory Poole, Paul and June Richter, and George Poland. Matsumoto also designed the doctor clinic in Greenville, North Carolina and the IBM Raleigh branch office. Matsumoto was known for open spaces, panels, interior columns, flat roofs, large windows, and free-standing fireplaces. To Matsumoto, performance of the design and originality were important in his work. The design had to work with the people who inhabit it. Matsumoto enjoyed being experimental and believed “modern architecture...should not imitate anything.” Many people, such as those from House and Home and Tar Heel, rooted Matsumoto’s style in his Japanese heritage. Matsumoto was aware of this and stated, “I’m not at all; I’m a product of this country [the United States] but I got to that point by being very logical about how we get our materials and how I wanted to use them.” Matsumoto’s style led to accolades. In the Nahb-Forum House and Design Competition of 1950 Matsumoto won fourth place national and first place East regional. Matsumoto also won multiple several Award of Merit awards for his houses. And in 1951 he became a member of the American Institute of Architects and later a fellow in 1973. However, Matsumoto’s journey to North Carolina was difficult. As a Japanese American budding architect in the late 1930s and early 1940s, he had difficulty finding work. But, in order to be an architect one had to apprentice at a firm for three years. Matsumoto’s mother did not believe her son would become an architect in the United States. So the family went to Japan, where Matsumoto’s parents were born, in search of architect opportunities (and to visit extended family). The family left Japan on the uncle’s warning that Japan will be at war with the United States. Leaving became difficult because there were no boats going to America from Japan. Under a friend’s recommendation the Matsumoto family went to China to catch a boat. The family was split up because the Japanese government detained Matsumoto’s mother and younger sister who had Japanese passports, whereas Matsumoto and his older sister had American ones. Matsumoto sailed to America on his own on a military ship. All of the Matsumotos made it back to the United States about ten days before Pearl Harbor was bombed. But, the situation at home was not promising either. On February 19, 1942, Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066. The order mandated that people of Japanese descent living on the west coast move to internment camps in the southwest and southeast, under the racist idea that they were a threat to America. The family moved from San Francisco to Dinuba in hopes that they would avoid evacuation to internment camps. Despite the Matsumotos’ precautionary measures, they were forced to move to a camp in Poston, Arizona. Matsumoto’s desire to attend university and the federal government’s allowance of prospective students to leave the camps enabled Matsumoto to leave Poston for Missouri. Matsumoto received his Bachelor’s of Art at Washington University and his Master’s degree at Cranbrook Academy of Art. It was during his professorship at University of Oklahoma that Matsumoto met Henry Kamphoefner, James Fitzgibbon, and Duncan Stuart. The five, including Edward Waugh left Oklahoma for North Carolina to create the School of Design at NC State. Although Matsumoto’s time at NC State has long passed, the “Matsumoto Wing” is a mark of his influence and legacy on NC State. References Original Source References North Carolina State Special Collections Research Center NCSU, Libraries, Harrye B. Lyons Design Library Records, 1938-1999 (UA 012.033) NCSU, University Archives Reference Collection, Biographical Files, 1889-2019 (UA050.003) <a href="https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/mc00196-matsumoto-george-interview">David Hill Oral Histories of George Matsumoto, 2009</a>, <a href="https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/mc00196-matsumoto-george-interview">https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/mc00196-matsumoto-george-interview</a> NCSU, College of Design, Office of the Dean Records (UA110.01) George Matsumoto Architectural Drawings and Other Papers 1930-2009 (MC00042) NCSU, Office of Finance and Administration, Office of the University Architect Records, 1888-2019 (UA003.026) Secondary Source Resources Curtis, William J.R., Modern Architecture Since 1900. 3rd edition. London: Phaidon Press, 2016. “Former Architecture Professor George Matsumoto Dies at 93”. College of Design News. No date. Accessed December 13, 2019. <a href="https://design.ncsu.edu/former-architecture-professor-george-matsumoto-dies-93/">https://design.ncsu.edu/former-architecture-professor-george-matsumoto-dies-93/</a> Heyer, Paul. Architects on Architecture: New Directions in America. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993. Robinson, Greg. The Great Unknown: Japanese American Sketches. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2016. Wei, William. "Yellow Peril: From Threatening Chinamen to Treacherous Japan". Asians in Colorado: A History of Persecution and Perseverance in the Centennial State. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016. Multimedia Hosseininasab, Shima. "Commitment to Excellence: The Story of Henry L. Kamphoefner". North Carolina State University Public History Program. YouTube. December 6, 2019. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDgjlCvioKI">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDgjlCvioKI</a> Peña-Tajima, Renee. "Yuri & Bill Kochiyama: On the Road in Mississippi". My America or Honk If You Love Buddha. Clip on YouTube. June 2, 2014. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApSa2_SW9rw&feature=emb_title">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApSa2_SW9rw&feature=emb_title</a> Scott, Jordan. “Detour to Success: George Matsumoto and Japanese Internment”. North Carolina State University Public History Program. YouTube. December 1, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_CUR7zHInEI&t=39s Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jordan Scott Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020/1/6 Asian American Banks C. Talley Jr College of Design George Matsumoto Japanese American Japanese Internment Modern Architecture Racism https://bricklayers.history.ncsu.edu/files/original/67a80d1e49f929a5c1ae6b0215893150.jpg 362e2e85880a1c8fce82eba16d430b73 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Brooks Hall, circa 1936 Description An account of the resource In 1956, the School of Design (SOD) moved from World War II-era Army barracks on campus into the school’s former library, recently rededicated as Brooks Hall. Although SOD Dean Henry Kamphoefner had complained to Chancellor J.W. Harrelson that the barracks were “disreputable looking,” he also despised Brooks’ eclectic neoclassical style and called its rotunda “old ugliness'' in a 1984 letter. Today, scholars such as Dr. Lyra D. Monteiro criticize neoclassical architecture because the United States’ founders used it to evoke Ancient Greece and Rome, which the white founders in turn used to justify “righteous empire and civilized slave ownership.” Therefore, “classical architecture is not only associated with power but specifically with white power.” Indeed, an undated essay about Brooks Hall in the University Archives proudly compared it to the home of Thomas Jefferson, third president and enslaver of over six hundred humans. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “Brooks Hall.” 1936. University Archives Photograph Collection. Campus facilities and views (UA023.005), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/0001654 https://bricklayers.history.ncsu.edu/files/original/0b23976553c403993ca5fce5fc9ef0a2.jpg 780bc32a2f56e0f4fe0fdecb24515b14 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Design students discussing classwork, circa 1980-1989 Description An account of the resource Design students had a reputation for spending all their time at Brooks Hall, according to the 1990 Agromeck, even setting up sleeping cots in studios to take “whatever naps could be squeezed in.” They isolated themselves in part because they felt different from classmates in other departments; the School of Design was full of “non-conforming artists among engineers and farmers,” noted alumnus Frederick Taylor. But their hours in the studio were also a result of their demanding, highly competitive coursework; alumnus Conrad Taylor recalled that after Kamphoefner’s first year being dean, only twenty-three out of the original one hundred first years remained.  Still, noted alumnus Murray Whisnant “we were glad to work around the clock for the ‘cause’ (and sleep through 8 o’clock plumbing classes).” Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “Design Students Discussing Classwork.” Circa 1980-1989. University Archives Photograph Collection. College of Design (UA023.010), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/0018993 https://bricklayers.history.ncsu.edu/files/original/c7cf3eec310fe2d36f2902677032a6f9.png be24e20723b98f6b0dcabefd398cd21b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Eduardo Catalano (undated) and Catalano House (circa 1954) Description An account of the resource “Somewhere in a small place, almost isolated from everything, without tradition in one field there is a spark ignited,” Eduardo Catalano recalled years after his tenure at NC State University. That spark in Raleigh allowed him to inspire students as well as create the “Raleigh House” or “Catalano House,” which scholar Bob Burns said brought “international acclaim to the school of design, the city, and the state.” The house, which Catalano built and lived in from 1954 to 1956, was famous for a hyperbolic paraboloid roof that was four thousand square feet in area and stood on just two low supports, according to House and Home magazine. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “Eduardo F. Catalano.” Undated. University Archives Photograph Collection. People (UA023.024), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. <a href="https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua023_024-001-bx0003-020-001">https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua023_024-001-bx0003-020-001</a> and“Catalano House Slides.” Circa 1954. Eduardo Catalano Slides (MC00477), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. <a href="https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/mc00477-001-sb0001-001-008">https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/mc00477-001-sb0001-001-008</a>. https://bricklayers.history.ncsu.edu/files/original/a95600590d09a4f03f7e3172ea34f6df.png 56855fe211638e5f441bba07b532fcaf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horacio Caminos (undated) and Model of roof by Horacio Caminos (1958) Description An account of the resource Dean Henry Kamphoefner called Horacio Caminos “one of the leading architects in South America” when he hired the classmate of Eduardo Catalano’s for a visiting professorship in 1953. Caminos, a “good, left-leaning person” according to alumnus Abie Harris, entered students in competitions designing worker housing. Along with Catalano, Caminos won an international competition for designing a house to fit an emerging innovation, the central air-conditioning unit. He left NC State in 1962 to teach at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. There, he researched “housing for Third World Countries” according to Harris and innovated the Urban Settlement Design in Developing Countries program to train students from “developing countries,” according to son Carlos Caminos. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived  “Horacio Caminos at Blackboard.” In Caminos, Carlos H. Horacio Caminos: Teacher/Docente. Cambridge, MA: Carlos Caminos, 2014. <a href="http://sigus.scripts.mit.edu/x/files/Horacio_Caminos_BOOK_INTRODUCTION.pdf">http://sigus.scripts.mit.edu/x/files/Horacio_Caminos_BOOK_INTRODUCTION.pdf</a> And “Model of Roof by H. Caminos.” April 1958. North Carolina State University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Communication Services Records (UA100.099), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. <a href="https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua100_099-002-cb0002_052-16765-002">https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua100_099-002-cb0002_052-16765-002</a> https://bricklayers.history.ncsu.edu/files/original/0c097bc55510b51d8534f5b2bf4839a1.png 978a7473f1755df9243d9c572685aa6e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Enrique Montenegro (undated) and “Untitled” by Enrique Montenegro (1957) Description An account of the resource While Enrique Montenegro taught design at NC State in 1957, Life magazine praised the artist who had grown up in both Chile and the United States for capturing “massiveness and depth” in his art. After instructing for a year at NC State, Montenegro taught at the University of Texas, the University of Florida, and Mount Holyoke College. A self-identified “painter first and teacher second,” according to his son, David, Enrique painted everything from “parking lots to Golgotha.”   Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Montenegro, Vincent. “Artist in his studio- Albuquerque, New Mexico.” In Montenegro, David. Enrique Montenegro: Conversations with the Artist. Albuquerque: David Montenegro, 2012. Kindle. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Enrique-Montenegro-Conversations-Artist-David-ebook/dp/B008OADEC4">https://www.amazon.com/Enrique-Montenegro-Conversations-Artist-David-ebook/dp/B008OADEC4</a>? And  Montenegro, Enrique. “Untitled.” In Student Publications School of Design 7, no. 1 (1957). North Carolina State University, College of Design Student Publications (UA110.200), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. <a href="https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua110_200-003-cn0033-v7n1">https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua110_200-003-cn0033-v7n1</a> https://bricklayers.history.ncsu.edu/files/original/79463d5b0d57cbff7d3f80645ab7dc08.png 3f6674b2fcf2a5cf2b3d5fc693479041 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Asit Sengupta’s blueprints for “Chancery of India in the United States,” (Master’s Thesis) 1961 Description An account of the resource In 1958, Dean Henry Kamphoefner reported, “Asit Sengupta, a young architect from Calcutta, India, has accepted an Instructorship in architecture to teach second year design and first year drawing.” Sengupta later earned a master’s degree at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and designed buildings at Visva Bharati, a university in Shantiniketan, West Bengal, India, according to scholar Bob Burns. He may also have studied how elderly people could contribute to the designs of their residential living spaces at nursing homes, according to a 1981 National Endowment for the Arts booklet. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Sengupta, Asit Narayan. “Chancery of India in the United States.” Master’s thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1961. <a href="https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/77398">https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/77398</a> https://bricklayers.history.ncsu.edu/files/original/02c77264b8e12c29b2f65c285f137687.png 8643eea394e5ec18733ac427b8ef8327 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charles Joyner (undated) and “It Takes a Village” by Charles Joyner (undated) Description An account of the resource Charles Joyner joined the School of Design faculty in the mid-1970s and quickly began to represent his department on the African American Coordinators Committee and as the unit’s Affirmative Action Officer. He also initiated Spring Break road trips, reported alumni Percy Hooper, where current students went to predominantly African American high schools in North Carolina to talk about Design. Those trips culminated in Joyner’s “Design Boot Camp,” where “minority [high school] students” came to campus to experience the Design curriculum. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “Charles Joyner.” Undated. On Triangle Cultural Art Gallery. Triangle Cultural Art Gallery, 2019. https://www.triangleculturalart.com/charles-joyner/ And Joyner, Charles. “It Takes a Village.” Triangle Cultural Art Gallery, 2019. https://www.triangleculturalart.com/charles-joyner/ https://bricklayers.history.ncsu.edu/files/original/e055d7ad9bf216eca9b775ec4bfa3fe0.jpg 21acc16d3b99662ec6b61b6bf75248c9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Eugene Clyde Brooks, undated Description An account of the resource In his 1930 budget request for the North Carolina General Assembly, Chancellor Eugene Clyde Brooks admitted that because of the “world-wide economic depression...both industry and agriculture, with which our institution comes in very close contact, are going through the most trying time within our generation.” Brooks attempted to support both from his position at the school, lending staff and graduates to the Tennessee Valley Authority and opining that land-grant institutions could lead farmers towards “better farm management, conservation of soil, and cooperative buying and selling” in his 1932 essay, “How Shall Agriculture Survive the Depression?” Meanwhile, he kept NC State open by raising student fees, hiring low-paid instructors to replace retiring faculty, and cutting many expenditures, from lab equipment to coal. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “Eugene Clyde Brooks Portrait.” Undated. University Archives Photograph Collection. People (UA023.024), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries.https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua023_024-001-bx0002-018-005 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Brooks Hall Description An account of the resource Brooks Hall, off Pullen Road on North Carolina State University’s North Campus has a diverse history. It is the site where trailblazing professors who emigrated from around the world worked to inspire students. It housed the first library of the university. Its namesake, Eugene Clyde Brooks, was a complicated figure whose policies both enhanced and limited education. The physical building originally housed <a href="https://mtan-draft.omeka.chass.ncsu.edu/items/show/5">D.H. Hill Jr. Library</a>, according to a 1925 Technician article. But after the library moved to a larger facility in 1955, scholar Robert “Bob” Burns said the School of Design (SOD) housed offices, studios, and classes in Brooks. By the time SOD moved in, Dean Henry Kamphoefner had hired a faculty that he told NC Architects “discarded the deadly eclecticism and senselessness of the American Beaux Arts to search for a new design expression compatible to modern times [and] committed to design as a social art.” Scholar Victoria Ballard Bell noted that at the suggestion of sociologist Lewis Mumford, Kamphoefner looked outside the United States for faculty, hiring “many leaders of the international Modernist movement.” From 1948-1959, professors and instructors came from Argentina, Austria, Australia, Chile, France, Germany, Great Britain, India, Italy, Poland, and South Africa, according to Burns’ notes. In contrast, the 1956 catalog showed that the rest of the university’s faculty trained in just five countries. “Imagine having had teachers whose names were Parker, Allen and Grigg,” noted alumnus Marley Carroll, “now having professors named Buisson, Caminos, Catalano, Matsumoto, [and] Sengupta.” Scholar Paolo Favole argued Modernism travelled from Europe to the United States and was “revolutionary in character.” Early SOD appointees supported the claim; Maciej “Matthew” Nowicki was a Polish architect who resisted Nazi occupation with clandestine classes during World War II. He and wife Stanislava both taught at NC State, according to Student Publications, and Maciej designed Dorton Arena at the NC State Fairgrounds. In 1948, Kamphoefner also hired <a href="https://mtan-draft.omeka.chass.ncsu.edu/items/show/16">George Matsumoto</a>, namesake for the Matsumoto Wing. A decade later, Kamphoefner hired Asit Narayan Sengupta to teach architectural drawing, a University of Calcutta graduate. Favole reported the entire “new world” embraced Modernism, including the two Argentinian architects who became NC State’s first Latin faculty members. Eduardo Catalano oversaw the Department of Architecture at NC State from 1951-1955 because, he later reflected, “of the teachers who compensated their innocence with a pursue [sic] for discovery.” In 1952, Horacio Caminos arrived, “fleeing Argentina from [President Juan] Peron” according to student Abie Harris. Caminos published with students and provided “massive help” on Student Publications during his decade-long tenure, according to student Arthur Cogswell. Catalano and Caminos also “upheld a tradition of experimentalism,” according to Kamphoefner, all while winning national awards. From 1956 to 1957, Chilean Enrique Montenegro taught design. Catalano’s first year was “tough for me and the students,” he recalled in a 1994 interview. “First my language and my lack of experience. And they belonged to another generation…who see that outsider come in from somewhere when they were not used to that.” But he also told Burns that in Raleigh, “no one had the intellectual pretense of people from large cities, only ears to listen and winning hearts and hands to do hard work.” Alumni revered the Latinx professors; John Atkins III reported Catalano “extracted from students their highest creative potential,” and Harris reflected Caminos “had more influence on me” than anyone. Still, Bell pointed out, racism “endemic to the South, to the nation, and to the architecture profession” pervaded the school. In 1951, Chancellor J.W. Harrelson reminded Kamphoefner that “no Negro will be enrolled for any curriculum offered in any college for Negroes in North Carolina.” Catalano reflected in 1994 that he probably remained Acting Head of Architecture for his NC State tenure because “no foreigner could be head.” Finally, a 1975 federal report noted SOD had just one “American Negro” professor, Charles Joyner. Nevertheless, Catalano, Caminos, Joyner, and non-US Modernists ensured students were “subjected to as many points of view as there are men on the faculty,” the Winston-Salem Journal-Sentinel reported. Arthur J. Clement was the first African American graduate of the School of Design in 1971, and Phil Freelon, a noted architect best known for designing the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, was a student there in the 1970s. The school historically honored scholars because of such commitment to student progress. For instance, the first sentence of the 1956 program announcing Brooks Hall’s dedication explained “Dr. Eugene Clyde Brooks was elected president of North Carolina State College after long and distinguished service to the state in the betterment of its educational program.” A University Archives’ biography proved the point: Brooks, a Greene County native born in 1871, had been Superintendent of Goldsboro Schools and a professor of education before becoming State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1919. As State Superintendent, Brooks convinced the General Assembly to pay part of each schoolteacher’s salary in 1919, a News and Observer article noted. In 1921, a colleague recalled, Brooks got lawmakers to loan $5 million so poor, rural school districts could construct bigger facilities. Scholar William B. Gatewood noted Brooks also pushed the General Assembly to fund more training programs for “negro teachers” in 1919, and he won an appropriation of $1 million for segregated “Negro schools” in 1921. Finally, Brooks declared in a 1921 letter that white officials should “talk to negroes and not about them.” But Brooks revealed segregationist assumptions when speaking with African Americans. In a September 1919 meeting with African American Raleigh leaders, Brooks pushed a Declaration of Principles that condemned “intermingling of the races in terms of social equality.” Historian Sarah Caroline Thuesen argued Brooks implied “Black educational advancement hinged on keeping Black ‘agitation’ at bay.” In addition, Brooks’ own Director of Negro Education complained “officials spent ten times as much on white school buildings during the 1920s as they did on black schools.” When Brooks became NC State’s Chancellor in 1923, he used permanent building funds to renovate and construct twenty-two buildings, according to historian David Lockmiller. But seven years later, Brooks noted in his annual report, the NC General Assembly slashed the college’s budget because of the Great Depression--right as enrollment increased. Brooks also navigated the school through the NC General Assembly’s initiative to consolidate three public universities under one administration and eliminate duplicate departments. The school survived the Depression and Brooks protected Raleigh’s Engineering program, noted historian Alice Reagan, but “the pressure of Consolidation” exhausted him. In November 1933, he suffered an arterial thrombosis and paralysis that forced him to step down. He died in 1947. Brooks’ legacy lived on, however, through his 1911 children’s textbook The Story of Cotton. Brooks told young readers that white people were “the superior race,” and that “in the earlier days, freedom for [the enslaved African American] was impossible, for in his semi-savage state the life, liberty, and happiness of the white race would thereby have been endangered.” The school chose to name Brooks Hall after a man who improved North Carolina’s public education system, although, following the dominant white cultural norms of the time, he legitimized white supremacy and preserved segregation within that system. Design students found meaning in the building, however, because of the diverse scholars who chose to teach within its walls. Bibliography: Original Source References Brooks, Eugene, Clyde. “How Shall Agriculture Survive the Depression?” State Record 31, no. 5 (April 1932): 1-12. Agricultural and Mechanical College Record (LD3916 .S7), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. ---. The Story of Cotton and the Development of the Cotton States. Chicago: Rand, McNally Co, 1911. <a href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006056014">https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006056014</a> ---. Stories of South America; Historical and Geographical. Richmond, VA: Johnson Publishing Company, 1922. <a href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008649491">https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008649491</a> Brooks, Eugene Clyde, and Lyman P. Powell. Education for Democracy. Chicago: Rand, McNally & Company, 1919. <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t2f768p9p">https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t2f768p9p</a> Catalano, Eduardo. Interview by Robert Burns, July 9, 1994, audio recording. College of Design, Office of the Dean Records, UA 110.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. <a href="https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua110_001-325946-325947">https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua110_001-325946-325947</a> Harris, Edwin “Abie.” Interview by Virginia Ferris, December 19, 2016, transcript and video recording. North Carolina State Oral Histories (MC00449), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. <a href="http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/scrc">https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/mc00449-oh-harris-20161219 </a> “New State College Library Masterpiece of Architecture.” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) 18 September 1925. (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. North Carolina State University. 1990 Agromeck: Leaders of the Pack (Raleigh, North Carolina 1990.) Agromeck (LD3928 .N75), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. <a href="https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/agromeck-1990">https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/agromeck-1990</a> ---, College of Design, Office of the Dean Records, UA 110.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Box 15: Folder “Chancellor J. Harrelson (2 of 2);” Box 70: Folder “Nowicki;” Box 88: Folder “Biographies of Professors” North Carolina State University, College of Design Publications, UA 110.200, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Box 7: Folder “Reflections and Actions” ---. Course catalog (LD3928 .A2253), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. <a href="https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/1956">https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/1956</a> ---, Office of the Chancellor Annual Reports, UA 002.002, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Box 9: Folder “Design School, 1956-1957” “Design School, 1958-1959” Box 24: Folder “President’s Report 1930-1931” ---, Office of the Chancellor, Early Chancellors Records, UA 002.001.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center Box 5: Folders “Consolidation, Correspondence May 1932-August 1932,” “Tennessee Valley Authority, 1932-1933” ---, Office of the Provost, Office for Equal Opportunity and Equity Records, UA 005.009, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Box 6: Folder “Affirmative Action Planning: Correspondence, 1990” Box 41: Folder “Affirmative Action Plan, School of Design” Box 10: Folder “African American Coordinators: Correspondence, 1988-1989” ---, University Archives Reference Collection, Biographical Files, UA 050.003, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center Box 8: Folder “Brooks Hall” and “Caminos, Horacio” ---, University Archives Reference Collection, University Buildings, Sites, Landmarks Files, UA 050.004, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Box 8: Folder “Brooks Hall;” Box 5: Folder “D.H. Hill Library (now Brooks Hall)” Secondary References Sources Bell, Victoria Ballard. Triangle Modern Architecture. Novato, CA: Oro Editions, 2020. Brook, David Louis Sterrett. Henry Leveke Kamphoefner, the Modernist, Dean of the North Carolina State University School of Design, 1948-1972. Master’s Thesis, North Carolina State University, 2005. <http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07252005-164332/unrestricted/etd.pdf>. Brown, Hugh Victor. A History of the Education of Negroes In North Carolina. [Raleigh: Irving Swain Press, 1961. <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112042081536">https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112042081536</a> Caminos, Carlos H. Horacio Caminos: Teacher/Docente. Cambridge, MA: Carlos Caminos, 2014. <a href="http://sigus.scripts.mit.edu/x/files/Horacio_Caminos_BOOK_INTRODUCTION.pdf">http://sigus.scripts.mit.edu/x/files/Horacio_Caminos_BOOK_INTRODUCTION.pdf</a> Clark, Roger H. School of Design: The Kamphoefner Years 1948-1973. Raleigh: NC State University College of Design Publications, 2007. Favole, Paolo. The Story of Modern Architecture. Munich: Prestel, 2012. Gatewood, Willard B. "Eugene Clyde Brooks and Negro Education in North Carolina, 1919-1923." The North Carolina Historical Review 38, no. 3 (1961): 362-79. Accessed February 1, 2021. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/23517427">http://www.jstor.org/stable/23517427</a>. “History of Design Camp.” College of Design. North Carolina State University. Accessed March 8, 2021. <a href="https://design.ncsu.edu/designcamp/dc40/history/">https://design.ncsu.edu/designcamp/dc40/history/</a>. Lockmiller, David A. History of the North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering of the University of North Carolina, 1889-1939. Raleigh: [Printed by Edwards & Broughton], 1939. Monteiro, Lyra D. “Power Structures: White Columns, White Marble, White Supremacy.” Intersectionist Medium. October 27, 2020. <a href="https://intersectionist.medium.com/american-power-structures-white-columns-white-marble-white-supremacy-d43aa091b5f9">https://intersectionist.medium.com/american-power-structures-white-columns-white-marble-white-supremacy-d43aa091b5f9</a> Montenegro, David. Enrique Montenegro: Conversations with the Artist. Albuquerque: David Montenegro, 2012. Kindle. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Enrique-Montenegro-Conversations-Artist-David-ebook/dp/B008OADEC4">https://www.amazon.com/Enrique-Montenegro-Conversations-Artist-David-ebook/dp/B008OADEC4</a>? Reagan, Alice E. North Carolina State University, a Narrative History. [Raleigh]: North Carolina State University Foundation and North Carolina State University Alumni Association, 1987. Thuesen, Sarah Caroline. Greater Than Equal: African American Struggles for Schools and Citizenship in North Carolina, 1919-1965. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2013. <<a href="http://site.ebrary.com/id/10739979">http://site.ebrary.com/id/10739979</a>>. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alanna Natanson Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021/03/12 African Americans Asian American College of Design George Matsumoto Latinx libraries Modern Architecture School of Design Segregation