“When you think about the building it’s added onto, the Matsumoto Wing is a powerful statement for modernism. It’s attached to a 1920s neoclassical building, and it’s the first example of this type of curtain wall in North Carolina. It was meant to, in many ways, exhibit the ideals of modernism from a technological standpoint, where the building is free to have complete walls of windows instead of being constructed of heavy load-bearing walls. It made a statement about the School’s progressive ideals,” said David Hill, current Department Head of Architecture, in the College of Design's news. The Brooks Hall addition, unofficially known as the “Matsumoto Wing” was built in 1955. The wing was planned to house space for ceramics, sculpture, freehand drawing, descriptive drawing, painting, landscaping, design rooms for each year (first to fifth year), a tool room, and offices. Fred Carter Williams and Associates served as the designers and George Matsumoto was the consulting director. George Matsumoto was an architecture professor (1948-1961) and was one of the founding professors of the School of Design. Matsumoto taught second year students in construction material and processes. Matsumoto described the second year being the weed-out year in the architect program. Classes started with about one hundred students, but only about thirty students moved to the third year. Despite the small number these students went on to be brilliant architects. In 1959, ten NC State students won $11,000 out of $18,000 of the total award in the Light for Living Medallion Home Competition. Matsumoto's students competed against students from fifty other colleges and universities. Not only did Matsumoto’s students gain knowledge and prestige, Matsumoto also learned much about himself as an architect and intellectually benefitted from his students. Matsumoto stated in a 1997 interview, “It [teaching] consolidated my own thinking because I had to verbalize what I thought. And it was good discipline for me and there’s some good sharp questioning, too. ...But you are students together. I think I learned more from my students than they did from me.” Along with teaching Matsumoto also was a practicing architect in North Carolina. In the late 1940s modernist architecture was just beginning. Modernist design principles had not been assessed and consolidated. Therefore, a design school based on modernism was revolutionary. Dean Henry Kamphoefner encouraged faculty to practice; in his view, their work was their research. Matsumoto designed several homes, many of which were for Raleighites such as Banks Talley Jr., J. Gregory Poole, Paul and June Richter, and George Poland. Matsumoto also designed the doctor clinic in Greenville, North Carolina and the IBM Raleigh branch office. Matsumoto was known for open spaces, panels, interior columns, flat roofs, large windows, and free-standing fireplaces. To Matsumoto, performance of the design and originality were important in his work. The design had to work with the people who inhabit it. Matsumoto enjoyed being experimental and believed “modern architecture...should not imitate anything.” Many people, such as those from House and Home and Tar Heel, rooted Matsumoto’s style in his Japanese heritage. Matsumoto was aware of this and stated, “I’m not at all; I’m a product of this country [the United States] but I got to that point by being very logical about how we get our materials and how I wanted to use them.” Matsumoto’s style led to accolades. In the Nahb-Forum House and Design Competition of 1950 Matsumoto won fourth place national and first place East regional. Matsumoto also won multiple several Award of Merit awards for his houses. And in 1951 he became a member of the American Institute of Architects and later a fellow in 1973. However, Matsumoto’s journey to North Carolina was difficult. As a Japanese American budding architect in the late 1930s and early 1940s, he had difficulty finding work. But, in order to be an architect one had to apprentice at a firm for three years. Matsumoto’s mother did not believe her son would become an architect in the United States. So the family went to Japan, where Matsumoto’s parents were born, in search of architect opportunities (and to visit extended family). The family left Japan on the uncle’s warning that Japan will be at war with the United States. Leaving became difficult because there were no boats going to America from Japan. Under a friend’s recommendation the Matsumoto family went to China to catch a boat. The family was split up because the Japanese government detained Matsumoto’s mother and younger sister who had Japanese passports, whereas Matsumoto and his older sister had American ones. Matsumoto sailed to America on his own on a military ship. All of the Matsumotos made it back to the United States about ten days before Pearl Harbor was bombed. But, the situation at home was not promising either. On February 19, 1942, Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066. The order mandated that people of Japanese descent living on the west coast move to internment camps in the southwest and southeast, under the racist idea that they were a threat to America. The family moved from San Francisco to Dinuba in hopes that they would avoid evacuation to internment camps. Despite the Matsumotos’ precautionary measures, they were forced to move to a camp in Poston, Arizona. Matsumoto’s desire to attend university and the federal government’s allowance of prospective students to leave the camps enabled Matsumoto to leave Poston for Missouri. Matsumoto received his Bachelor’s of Art at Washington University and his Master’s degree at Cranbrook Academy of Art. It was during his professorship at University of Oklahoma that Matsumoto met Henry Kamphoefner, James Fitzgibbon, and Duncan Stuart. The five, including Edward Waugh left Oklahoma for North Carolina to create the School of Design at NC State. Although Matsumoto’s time at NC State has long passed, the “Matsumoto Wing” is a mark of his influence and legacy on NC State. References Original Source References North Carolina State Special Collections Research Center NCSU, Libraries, Harrye B. Lyons Design Library Records, 1938-1999 (UA 012.033) NCSU, University Archives Reference Collection, Biographical Files, 1889-2019 (UA050.003) David Hill Oral Histories of George Matsumoto, 2009, https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/mc00196-matsumoto-george-interview NCSU, College of Design, Office of the Dean Records (UA110.01) George Matsumoto Architectural Drawings and Other Papers 1930-2009 (MC00042) NCSU, Office of Finance and Administration, Office of the University Architect Records, 1888-2019 (UA003.026) Secondary Source Resources Curtis, William J.R., Modern Architecture Since 1900. 3rd edition. London: Phaidon Press, 2016. “Former Architecture Professor George Matsumoto Dies at 93”. College of Design News. No date. Accessed December 13, 2019. https://design.ncsu.edu/former-architecture-professor-george-matsumoto-dies-93/ Heyer, Paul. Architects on Architecture: New Directions in America. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993. Robinson, Greg. The Great Unknown: Japanese American Sketches. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2016. Wei, William. "Yellow Peril: From Threatening Chinamen to Treacherous Japan". Asians in Colorado: A History of Persecution and Perseverance in the Centennial State. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016. Multimedia Hosseininasab, Shima. "Commitment to Excellence: The Story of Henry L. Kamphoefner". North Carolina State University Public History Program. YouTube. December 6, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDgjlCvioKI Peña-Tajima, Renee. "Yuri & Bill Kochiyama: On the Road in Mississippi". My America or Honk If You Love Buddha. Clip on YouTube. June 2, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApSa2_SW9rw&feature=emb_title Scott, Jordan. “Detour to Success: George Matsumoto and Japanese Internment”. North Carolina State University Public History Program. YouTube. December 1, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_CUR7zHInEI&t=39s
Bostian Hall
On December 17, 1980, NC State University Chancellor Joab L. Thomas dedicated Bostian Hall on North Campus as a facility for research and teaching biological sciences. Thomas said during the dedication that the new building near the Brickyard honored “Carey Bostian, a warm, compassionate human being, dedicated and skillful administrator, and very clearly one of the world’s greatest teachers.” Three years prior, the News and Observer reported the school enrolled a record number of students in biology courses, leaving little laboratory space for “individual work by students and professors.” In response, the university allocated $2,705,000 to construct Bostian Hall. According to the dedication program, Architect F. Carter Williams paid particular attention to lecture halls and laboratories for instruction in designing the building which totaled 38,529 square feet. A 1983 Course Bulletin indicated many biological programs operated there, including the interdepartmental Biological Sciences and Pest Management for Crop Sciences programs. In 2020, Bostian still housed the Biological Sciences department, along with Plant and Microbial Biology. After hours, school organizations hosted events in Bostian such as the 1983 History Department panel with African American historians entitled “John Hope Franklin, Black History, and North Carolina State University” and the 1990 Women’s Resource Coalition discussion “Sex, Lies, and Campus Rape.” Bostian originally came to NC State in 1930 because of the Zoology Department. A Zoology professor had resigned suddenly, Bostian reported in a 1987 oral history, and his major professor at the University of Pittsburgh recommended the North Carolina native to fill the vacancy. NC State took the recommendation even though Bostian had neither applied for the position nor finished his dissertation. The State College News (SCN) reported that Bostian’s service on faculty committees after gaining full professorship in 1946 helped him attain the Director of Instruction position in 1950. When the chancellor position opened in 1953, students urged Gordon Gray, the Consolidated University president, to select Bostian. “I was reluctant to be nominated because I was afraid I’d be chosen,” Bostian joked in the oral history. But in his inaugural address on February 22, 1954, Bostian explained he endeavoured “to serve my college and my state.” Bostian valued his “direct relationship with students” as chancellor, according to his oral history. SCN reported he gathered more than $5000 in scholarships and loan funds and met bi-weekly with student leaders. He received the Distinguished Teaching Award twice, according to his obituary in Bulletin Online. Reagan reported he was also the first faculty member to win NC State’s prestigious Watauga Medal. When Bostian died in 2000, Friday noted in the obituary, “you miss a person like that because his influence never ends.” Nationwide and statewide forces also affected his term. Bostian spent approximately $8.5 million on nine new buildings; the funds came when voters approved a statewide bond. Because the federal government feared the Soviet Union’s nuclear proliferation and invested heavily in collegiate scientific education, Bostian installed a new nuclear reactor for what one booklet called “peacetime training and research.” Bostian also helped to convince Governor Luther Hodges to develop Research Triangle Park, which attracted technical and industrial companies to North Carolina. Racial integration was the most important movement to touch Bostian’s administration. He was careful to defend whatever position on integration was lawful and cost-effective. For instance, he wrote Gordon Gray in June 1955 that he would “be glad to” tell African American high schoolers that their applications ”must not be accepted” because of trustee and state policy, although he concurrently enrolled thirty-eight non-European international students (according to registration lists). After a September 1955 District Court case required the UNC system to overturn its segregation policy for undergraduates, however, Bostian admitted two African American students in the Summer 1956 session (as The Raleigh Times reported). In correspondence, Bostian then ordered the dining facilities manager to treat “Negro students exactly as any other student” and told a citizen “we are endeavoring to carry out the law without discriminating either for or against the Negroes we admit.” When Clemson University excluded Black members of NC State’s band from a 1956 football game, Bostian responded, “I don’t think our band ought to go” (according to Provost Nash Winstead and a 1993 Focus article). In 1955, Bostian also prioritized the budget when he sought Gray’s permission to invite Black agricultural extension workers to summer training. He hoped “to provide instruction for the Negro workers on our own campus in order to avoid a great expense in time and money.” Still, like most leaders of predominantly white universities of the time, he did not address underlying inequalities in the segregated South. He proposed standardized tests for applicants in a 1954 letter, which his own faculty members opposed because other states used tests “to discriminate against blacks,” according to historian Alice Reagan. Although Bostian sought integrated extension training, he told the Board of Trustees they could lodge and feed the Black agents off campus. Winstead reported Bostian later “ruled that the agents could eat in the cafeteria.” According to Dean of the School of Agriculture and Life Sciences James Legates, who quoted Bostian during the 1980 dedication speech for the hall, Bostian left the chancellorship in 1959 because he wanted “to inform as many people as I can about genetics.” To do so, he taught an 800-student “Genetics in Human Affairs” course (according to his oral history) and spoke before alumni and civic organizations. “Control of genetic processes holds great promises for the good of man,” he told audiences such as the Raleigh Rotary Club in 1977, “while presenting moral and ethical problems.” For Bostian, it was most important to improve life through scientific investigation. Bostian’s complicated approach to genetics was typical of his time. Bostian advocated for applying new knowledge of human genetics, following the trend of some biologists who envisioned their field generating and then affecting policies based on exciting discoveries. For instance, he celebrated the scientific revelation that “large numbers of diseases and defects are due to heredity,” as he told an Introduction to Agriculture class in 1970. But unless more couples “made use of genetic counseling,” he advised the Watauga Club that same year, “eventually the load of genetic defects will get to the place that compulsory sterilization will be necessary.” The comments echoed the fears and solutions proposed by geneticists discussing the long-term effects of radiation on human health, according to Turney. But Bostian also reflected pre-World War II stances on genetics when he asked in his 1970 Watauga Club speech, “what will be lost to society if parents [with low IQ’s] were to be sterilized?” In 1966, biologist Joshua Lederberg reported that only “a minority” of the many scientists discussing selective breeding “would seek the sanction of law to enforce the doctrine.” “Most geneticists,” he said, “would insist on a deeper knowledge of human genetics before considering statutory intrusion on personal liberties in this sphere.” In that 1970 Watauga Club speech, “Genetics and the Future of Man,” Bostian described a future advocated by some geneticists: one with selective breeding techniques like “clonal propagation,” “genetic engineering,” and fertilization of eggs outside of a woman’s womb, three possibilities that historian Jon Turney says captured the imagination of some biologists at the time. But other scientists feared “horrifying results” from the new techniques, while journalists declared the “more powerful techniques” of selective breeding “frightening.” Bostian concluded a “less spectacular way of upgrading the genetic make-up of society seeks to encourage a higher birth rate in families where parents are above average in intelligence and achievements, to counteract the higher birth rate among those families of lower intelligence and lesser achievements.” His comment suggested he believed intelligence was genetic. Even though Bostian saw a possible future for compulsory sterilization for low-IQ individuals and advocated increased birth rates among parents with “above average intelligence,” his views were not totally out of the mainstream for geneticists at the time and in Bostian’s generation. References Original Source References Carey H. Bostian, interview by D.W. Colvard, January 17, 1979, transcript and recording, Knowledge is Power Oral History Collection, North Carolina State University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Office of the Dean Records, UA 100.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua100_001-001-oj0098-008 Carey Hoyt Bostian Papers, MC 00076, Box 3: Folders “Talks,1967-1968,” “Talks,1970,” “Talks,1977,” NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center Committees, Institutional History and Commemoration Committee Records, UA 022.009, Box 9, Folders “Correspondence, memos, meeting mins, annual reports, 1978-1979;” “Correspondence, memos, meeting mins, annual reports, 1979-1980;” “Correspondence, memos, meeting mins, annual reports, 1980-1981;” NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center Office of the Chancellor, Carey Hoyt Bostian Records, UA 002.001.003, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center Box 1: Folders “Agriculture, School of, 1954;” Box 2: Folders “‘F’ General, 1954;” Box 4: Folders “Students, Negro, 1954;” Box 5: Folders “Students,1955;” Box 7: Folders “‘E’ - General, 1955;” Box 11: Folders “‘C’ - General, 1956;” Folders “‘D’ - General, 1956;” Box 13: Folders “Student Affairs, Office of, 1956;” “Students,1956;” Box 18: Folders “UNC Consolidated, President William C. Friday, 1957;” “Students, 1957” Box 22: Folders “Nuclear Reactor;” “Student Affairs, Office of, 1957;” “Student Affairs, Office of, 1958;” “Students, 1958;” “UNC Consolidated, President William C. Friday, 1957.” University Archives Reference Collection, Biographical Files, UA 050.003, Box 45, Folder “Bostian, Carey Hoyt,” NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center University Archives Reference Collection, University Buildings, Sites, & Landmarks Files, UA 050.004, Box 2, Folder “Bostian Hall,” NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Secondary Source References Donaldson, Devan. Desegregation at North Carolina State University -- The Early Years. Galesburg, Illinois: National Association for Black Culture Centers, 2007. In University Archives Reference Collection Student Research Projects, 1969 - 2007 (UA050.005), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua050_005-donaldson Frasier, Ralph K. “Frasier v. UNC--A Personal Account.” The Negro Educational Review 56, no.1 (2005): 83-90. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:bsc:&rft_dat=xri:bsc:rec:iibp:00253357 Lederberg, Joshua. "Experimental Genetics and Human Evolution." The American Naturalist 100, no. 915 (1966): 519-31. Accessed November 27, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2459206. Levin, Matthew. Cold War University: Madison and the New Left in the Sixties. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central. Link, Albert N. and John T. Scott. “The Growth of Research Triangle Park.” Small Business Economics 20, no. 2 (2003): 167–175. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1022216116063 Reagan, Alice Elizabeth. North Carolina State University, A Narrative History. Raleigh: North Carolina State University Foundation and North Carolina State University Alumni Association, 1987. Turney, Jon. Frankenstein's Footsteps: Science, Genetics and Popular Culture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. Winstead, Nash Nicks. The Inclusion and Involvement of African-Americans at North Carolina State University, 1953-1993. Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina State University, 2000. Inclusion and Involvement of African-Americans at North Carolina State University, 1953-1993 (LD3928 .W5 2000) held by Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/LD3928-W5-2000
Yarbrough Drive Steam Plant and Smokestack
Since at least 1996, Facilities Division has called the plant “Yarbrough Drive Steam Plant.” The drive, noted historian Doris King in 1987, was a “permanent memorial” to Louis Thomas Yarbrough, “a man whose love and loyalty to the institution were outstanding.” Yarbrough was born on October 18, 1873 in Caswell County, North Carolina, according to his obituary. The graduate of a “one-teacher school,” Yarbrough enrolled with the college’s first class in 1889 on scholarship. AN reported he taught at NC State for four years after his graduation in 1893, then joined the US Post Office Department. Yarbrough spent over thirty-seven years with the mail service, first as a clerk, then as manager of the state capitol’s post office, and finally as an esteemed postal inspector. As inspector, he caught local thieves stealing mail and international criminals shipping fraudulent merchandise. Yarbrough remained close to his alma mater, physically and socially. He settled on Hillsborough Street, where he offered an “Open House” for visiting alumni until his death in 1952, according to King. AN reported Yarbrough also chaired the Alumni Association’s “Necrology [obituary] Committee” and attended commencement ceremonies until at least 1945. Most importantly, Yarbrough helped his daughter Mary fall in love with and eventually attend NC State, where she became the first woman to earn a Master of Science from the college in 1927. Today, the smokestack named after Louis Yarbrough overlooks a courtyard named after Mary Yarbrough. The iconic spot had humble beginnings, and since has reflected larger themes in US environmental history. On February 8, 1924, The Technician newspaper announced North Carolina State College’s plans for its new power plant located seventy-five feet from the railroad tracks. A 175-foot-high smokestack was adjacent, eight feet in diameter. “The name of the college,” the newspaper wrote, “will be set in white brick near the top of the stack…visible to those approaching Raleigh from” the west. Since 1924, the school has constructed a street leading to the plant (Yarbrough Drive), has surrounded it with buildings (including Riddick and SAS Halls), and has reduced its environmental impact. The smokestack remains a lively landmark on campus. Historian Alice Reagan explained there had been a power plant next to Page Hall since 1907. But as the 1926 college catalog noted, the North Carolina General Assembly funded five new campus buildings from 1921-1925. “A new power plant at the College became necessary to provide heat, light and power for the new construction,” The Alumni News (AN) reported in January 1924. Using a design by J.E. Sirrine, the school built the plant for $107,000 that year, according to blueprints and contracts. The construction process was unpleasant and dangerous: AN recalled how “mud was an ever-present commodity” while contractor J.A. Gardner installed steam tunnels, and The Technician reported that two construction workers fell more than fifteen feet on November 28, 1924 when the building’s scaffolding collapsed (both survived). By January 1925, reporters were relieved to see “small rolls of white smoke gently making their escape” as Gardner completed tests, and the smokestacks were fully operational by February. From then on, the school improved and expanded the power plant about every ten years to keep up with heat and electricity demands, according to records from the Office of the University Architect. Sixty-two years after its construction, it was still going strong, and an article in Technician emphasized the diversity of activity on campus by listing that it powered “autoclaves, pasteurization equipment, soil sterilizers, a coal gasification project, and machinery in various labs.” Not everyone praised the smokestack and plant, as reported occasionally in Technician. They made NC State look like a factory, complained one columnist in 1967. “Passengers riding through campus on the Amtrak trains probably think ‘cow college’ instead of ‘world-class university’ when they see the smokestack,” another argued in 1988. When the school’s name changed in 1965, however, a student urged the university not to remove “State College” from the smokestack to “visibly retain our gritty, yokel image.” Campus community members in the 1970s, as many in the US with new concerns about the environment, objected to the impact of the coal-burning power plant. “The smoke stack still competes as one of Raleigh’s biggest polluters,” a Technician writer lamented in August of 1970. A month later, the North Carolina Board of Water and Air Resources ordered state agencies –including the university—to burn more efficient fuels in their power plants, like natural gas and oil. Students were not entirely satisfied with the school’s planned conversions. By October of 1971, two boilers still awaited conversion, and the City of Raleigh asked NC State to switch back to burning coal in all boilers during the winter to preserve natural gas. Nationwide, demand for natural gas exceeded supply in the 1970s, the Federal Energy Administration reported in 1975. That led to shortages like Raleigh’s. For some, the smokestack became a symbol of pollution; a Housing Advisory Board member complained in 1972, “we find State’s smokestack--an atavistic edifice of unpromising and, hopefully, short future--still belching forth bilious smoke on occasions of extreme cold.” By 1974, Facilities switched all the boilers to natural gas for about $327,200. The students’ comments reflected statewide and national concern about air pollution. Health officials began documenting poor air quality and its toll on North Carolina’s humans and animals in the 1960s. The new studies overlapped with national “public concern and political initiatives,” according to researchers Charles Roe and Karl Rohr, so North Carolina politicians responded. The General Assembly and voters amended the state constitution to include an “Environmental Bill of Rights” on November 7, 1971. From then until 1985, the state government passed fifty-nine new environmental statutes, by legal scholar Milton Heath’s calculation. Still, businesses lobbied for and won the Hardison amendments in the late 1970s, blocking additional non-federal regulations. In 2014, the university again addressed the plant’s environmental impact when it “increased capacity, performance, and reliability of steam production,” according to the Office of the University Architect. For $56 million, the school retrofitted the building, traded the three 1974 boilers for larger ones, and converted to a cleaner-burning oil, according to Technician. The modifications, designed by Jacobs Engineering Group and documented on the plant’s website, earned the building a LEED Silver certification. The Yarbrough Drive Steam Plant and Smokestack have served the campus in different ways for different people. Beyond its main function as a source of power, the building has been (among other things) a symbol for the university’s humble origins and committed alumni, a wayfinding feature, a source of pride, and a metaphor for environmental damage. References **Note: The name “Yarbrough” was often misspelled as “Yarborough” in newspapers and school records. Researchers hoping to learn more about the plant or members of the Yarbrough family should search with both spellings. Original Source References Alvin Marcus Fountain Papers. MC 0007. Box 2, Folders and “Alumni Committee on Institutional History and Commemoration, Place Names, Research, Heating Plant, 1972;” “Alumni Committee on Institutional History and Commemoration, Place Names, Research, Power Plant, 1972.” Special Collections Research Center, NC State University Libraries, Raleigh, NC. “Durhamite to Speak.” Durham Sun (Durham, N.C.), February 7, 1899, page 1. Newspapers.com. Accessed October 9, 2020. https://www.newspapers.com/image/76082678. Federal Energy Administration, Office of Policy and Analysis. “The Natural Gas Shortage: A Preliminary Report.” Washington, DC: Federal Energy Administration, 1975. Ron Nessen Papers. Box 10, Folder “Energy - Natural Gas Shortage.” Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan. https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0204/1511759.pdf G.A. Dees Cartoons. MC 0201. Flat folder 1. Special Collections Research Center, NC State University Libraries, Raleigh, NC. “L.T. Yarbrough Dies Here.” News and Observer. (Raleigh, N.C.), March 25, 1952, page 4. Newspapers.com. Accessed October 9, 2020. http://www.newspapers.com/image/654741306. “North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering Catalog, 1926-1927.” North Carolina State University. Course catalog (LD3928.A2253), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. Accessed October 9, 2020. "NC State University Libraries’ Digital Collections: Rare and Unique Materials." https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/1928 Office of Alumni Relations Publications. UA010.200. Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. Accessed October 9, 2020. "NC State University Libraries’ Digital Collections: Rare and Unique Materials." Office of Finance and Administration, Facilities Division, Design and Construction Services Department Records. UA003.004. Box 116, Folder “Power Plant, 1924-1925 and 1948-1950.” Office of Finance and Administration, Office of Finance and Business, Associate Vice Chancellor for Facilities Records. UA003.005. Box 52, Folder “Yarbrough Steam Plant.” NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University Libraries, Raleigh, NC. Office of Finance and Administration, Office of the University Architect Records. UA003.026. Tubes 301A-301D. NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University Libraries, Raleigh, NC. “The Portrait of August Leazar.” Farmer and Mechanic. (Raleigh, N.C.), May 30, 1911, page 9. Newspapers.com. Accessed October 9, 2020. https://www.newspapers.com/image/57406902. Technician. LH1.N6 T4. Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries, Raleigh, NC. Accessed October 9, 2020. "NC State University Libraries’ Digital Collections: Rare and Unique Materials.” University Archives Reference Collection, Biographical Files, UA 050.003. Box 61, Folders “Yarbrough, Louis,” and “Yarbrough, Mary.” NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University Libraries, Raleigh, NC. University Archives Reference Collection, University Buildings, Sites, Landmarks Files, UA 050.004. Box 7, Folder “Power Plant;” Box 9, Folders “Yarbrough Court,” “Yarbrough Plant,“ “Whistle,” “First Class.” NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University Libraries, Raleigh, NC. Water Wheel Construction, MSS 0100. Box MSS 3, Folder 00100 -1. Special Collections Research Center, NC State University Libraries, Raleigh, NC. Secondary Source References Heath, Milton S Jr and Alex L. Hess III. “The Evolution of Modern North Carolina Environmental and Conservation Policy Legislation.” Campbell Law Review 29, no. 3 (Spring 2007): 533-589. Accessed October 9, 2020. https://scholarship.law.campbell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1454&context=clr Lockmiller, David A. History of the North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering of the University of North Carolina 1889-1939. Raleigh: General Alumni Association of the North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering of the University of North Carolina, 1939. Overton, Sam. “The history of the Yarbrough smokestack, a remnant of NC State’s pre-university days.” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.). September 20, 2020. http://www.technicianonline.com/arts_entertainment/article_bc38702e-fbac-11ea-8e7d-4f6cb8ee1147.html Reagan, Alice Elizabeth. North Carolina State University, A Narrative History. Raleigh: North Carolina State University Foundation and North Carolina State University Alumni Association, 1987. Roe, Charles and Karl Rohr. “Conservation Movement Part 3: Development of the Modern Environmental Movement.” In Encyclopedia of North Carolina, edited by William S. Powell. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006. NCpedia. Accessed October 9, 2020. https://www.ncpedia.org/conservation-movement/modern-development “Yarbrough Steam Plant.” Sustainability at NC State University. North Carolina State University. Accessed October 9, 2020. https://sustainability.ncsu.edu/campus/buildings/leed/yarbrough/. University Architect, Office of the. “029 (029B)—Yarbrough Plant.” Raleigh: North Carolina State University, 2020. Emailed to author, 29 September, 2020.
Alexander Hall is located on North Campus just south of Wolf Plaza and is home to the living learning community Global Village. The residence hall opened in 1939, and was originally called “A” Dormitory. In 1940, Alexander Hall was renamed after Sydenham Bernard Alexander, Jr, an alumni and member of the Board of Trustees. According to Alice Reagan’s North Carolina State University: A Narrative History, during World War II, Alexander Hall was used by the Army Air Corps, along with nearby Turlington Hall. Between the two dorms there was a barrack area, a sentry post, a canteen, and a recreation room provided by the YMCA. After the war, Alexander Hall housed male students, however, in September 1967, Alexander Hall became a women’s dormitory, making it the second women’s dormitory at NC State after Watauga. An article in the Statelog from December 1966 stated this was due to an expected increase in women students, and the fact that Carroll Hall, which was being built to house women, would not be completed by the fall of ‘67. Women living in Alexander would have had to follow special curfews which only applied to women students. According to Regan’s A Narrative History, the restrictions gradually lessened in 1968 when junior and senior women were exempt from the curfew and were finally dropped altogether in 1971. Alexander Hall became a men’s dormitory again and in the fall of 1975 the Alexander International Hall program opened. This program was meant to facilitate cross-cultural understanding between domestic and international students and was organized so that each international student would room with a domestic student. The dormitory also held events such as international coffees and hosted trips to Washington D.C. for the international students. Alexander Hall was chosen due to its central location and the large basement which could serve as the International Lounge. In 1977, the International Program expanded to include women and Alexander Hall became a co-ed dormitory. In 1980, the first official Study Abroad Office opened in the basement of Alexander Hall. A 2005 Technician article celebrating the 25th anniversary of the office reported that when it first opened the office was funded by laundry machine revenues. Before the Study Abroad Office, there was a Foreign Student Adviser, whose position expanded to be the Foreign Student and Study Abroad Adviser beginning in 1972. NC State has a long history of international students and international cooperation, beginning with the first international student to enroll in 1892, Jose Fabio Santo Trigo, from Cuba. It is unclear if Trigo graduated from NC State, as there is little information on him. The NC State Historic Timelines list Teisaku Sugishita of Japan, as the first Asian graduate from NC State, graduating in 1898 with a degree in Civil Engineering. A 1937 Technician article reported that enrollment that year exceeded all previous marks, including eight foreign students. The countries represented were students from Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Iraq, Canada, and Argentina. The number of international students at NC State remained relatively low until the 1960s. It wasn’t until then the school began providing special services to support international students in the form of an International Center, cosponsored by the YMCA, which was located in the basement of the King Religious Center, demolished in 1975, located where the design school is today. International Students were largely referred to as “foreign students” for much of the 20th century at NC State. In 1948, with the establishment of the International Student’s Organization, later committee, they requested to be called “international students,” however foreign student and international student both continued to be used. The International Student committee’s report focused on the isolation international students faced. One move to solve this issue was the announcement that international students would no longer be “housed by nationality with all in the same dorm,” instead students would be scattered across the campus. In addition to advocating for international students on campus, the committee also organized events and an international student soccer team. In 2005, Alexander International Hall became Global Village, following the University's living learning village initiative which began in 2002. The villages are residence hall communities centered around different student interests. The Living Learning Initiatives website describes them as, “communities of students joined by the same academic, personal or lifestyle interests, whether that’s a passion for the arts or a commitment to conservation.” Global Village continues to facilitate a program which houses domestic and international students together. They also provide academic programming on global and cultural issues as well as excursions around Raleigh and North Carolina as well as places like New York City and Washington D.C. Beyond Alexander Hall and Global Village, NC State has become a more global community through the years. A 2005 Technician article reported that the number of NC State Students studying abroad tripled every ten years between 1980 and 2005. NC State’s Study Abroad webpage estimates that in 2018-2019, about 22% of students studied abroad. Just as studying abroad has become steadily more popular, the number of international students at NC State has steadily increased since the 1980s. In 1989, the total number of international students surpassed 1,000; by 2015, the number had increased to 4,000 international students. The Office of International Services reports that in 2021, there were approximately 6,000 international students at NC State. Primary Source References North Carolina State University, University Archives Reference Collection, University Buildings, Sites, Landmarks Files, UA 050.004, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, Division of Student Affairs, Student Organization Resource Center Records, UA 016.059, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, Division of Student Affairs, Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs Records, UA 016.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, Division of Student Affairs, Student Organization Resource Center Records, UA 016.059, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1.N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries Secondary Source References Bound, John; Braga, Breno; Khanna, Gaurav; Turner, Sarah. “The Globalization of Postsecondary Education: The Role of International Students in the US Higher Education System.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 35, no. 1. (Winter 2021): 163-184. DOI: 10.1257/jep.35.1.163. Mukherjee, Mousumi. “US Study Abroad from the Periphery to the Center of the Global Curriculum in the Information Age.” Policy Futures in Education 10, no. 1 (March 2012): 81–89. https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2012.10.1.81. NC State University. “Facts and Figures.” Study Abroad. Accessed May 9, 2021. https://studyabroad.ncsu.edu/about/facts-figures/#:~:text=The%20number%20of%20NC%20State,State%20undergraduate%20students%20study%20abroad. NC State University. “Village Options.” Living Learning Initiatives. Accessed May 9, 2021. https://villages.dasa.ncsu.edu/village-options/ NC State University Libraries. “Enrollment and Tuition.” Historical State Timelines. Accessed May 9, 2021. https://historicalstate.lib.ncsu.edu/timelines/enrollment-and-tuition NC State University Libraries. “Asian American Community.” Historical State Timelines. Accessed May 9, 2021. https://historicalstate.lib.ncsu.edu/timelines/asian-american-community Reagan, Alice E. North Carolina State University, a Narrative History. Raleigh: North Carolina State University Foundation and North Carolina State University Alumni Association, 1987.
Brick Layers: An Atlas of New Perspectives on NC State's Campus History
Brooks Hall, off Pullen Road on North Carolina State University’s North Campus has a diverse history. It is the site where trailblazing professors who emigrated from around the world worked to inspire students. It housed the first library of the university. Its namesake, Eugene Clyde Brooks, was a complicated figure whose policies both enhanced and limited education. The physical building originally housed D.H. Hill Jr. Library, according to a 1925 Technician article. But after the library moved to a larger facility in 1955, scholar Robert “Bob” Burns said the School of Design (SOD) housed offices, studios, and classes in Brooks. By the time SOD moved in, Dean Henry Kamphoefner had hired a faculty that he told NC Architects “discarded the deadly eclecticism and senselessness of the American Beaux Arts to search for a new design expression compatible to modern times [and] committed to design as a social art.” Scholar Victoria Ballard Bell noted that at the suggestion of sociologist Lewis Mumford, Kamphoefner looked outside the United States for faculty, hiring “many leaders of the international Modernist movement.” From 1948-1959, professors and instructors came from Argentina, Austria, Australia, Chile, France, Germany, Great Britain, India, Italy, Poland, and South Africa, according to Burns’ notes. In contrast, the 1956 catalog showed that the rest of the university’s faculty trained in just five countries. “Imagine having had teachers whose names were Parker, Allen and Grigg,” noted alumnus Marley Carroll, “now having professors named Buisson, Caminos, Catalano, Matsumoto, [and] Sengupta.” Scholar Paolo Favole argued Modernism travelled from Europe to the United States and was “revolutionary in character.” Early SOD appointees supported the claim; Maciej “Matthew” Nowicki was a Polish architect who resisted Nazi occupation with clandestine classes during World War II. He and wife Stanislava both taught at NC State, according to Student Publications, and Maciej designed Dorton Arena at the NC State Fairgrounds. In 1948, Kamphoefner also hired George Matsumoto, namesake for the Matsumoto Wing. A decade later, Kamphoefner hired Asit Narayan Sengupta to teach architectural drawing, a University of Calcutta graduate. Favole reported the entire “new world” embraced Modernism, including the two Argentinian architects who became NC State’s first Latin faculty members. Eduardo Catalano oversaw the Department of Architecture at NC State from 1951-1955 because, he later reflected, “of the teachers who compensated their innocence with a pursue [sic] for discovery.” In 1952, Horacio Caminos arrived, “fleeing Argentina from [President Juan] Peron” according to student Abie Harris. Caminos published with students and provided “massive help” on Student Publications during his decade-long tenure, according to student Arthur Cogswell. Catalano and Caminos also “upheld a tradition of experimentalism,” according to Kamphoefner, all while winning national awards. From 1956 to 1957, Chilean Enrique Montenegro taught design. Catalano’s first year was “tough for me and the students,” he recalled in a 1994 interview. “First my language and my lack of experience. And they belonged to another generation…who see that outsider come in from somewhere when they were not used to that.” But he also told Burns that in Raleigh, “no one had the intellectual pretense of people from large cities, only ears to listen and winning hearts and hands to do hard work.” Alumni revered the Latinx professors; John Atkins III reported Catalano “extracted from students their highest creative potential,” and Harris reflected Caminos “had more influence on me” than anyone. Still, Bell pointed out, racism “endemic to the South, to the nation, and to the architecture profession” pervaded the school. In 1951, Chancellor J.W. Harrelson reminded Kamphoefner that “no Negro will be enrolled for any curriculum offered in any college for Negroes in North Carolina.” Catalano reflected in 1994 that he probably remained Acting Head of Architecture for his NC State tenure because “no foreigner could be head.” Finally, a 1975 federal report noted SOD had just one “American Negro” professor, Charles Joyner. Nevertheless, Catalano, Caminos, Joyner, and non-US Modernists ensured students were “subjected to as many points of view as there are men on the faculty,” the Winston-Salem Journal-Sentinel reported. Arthur J. Clement was the first African American graduate of the School of Design in 1971, and Phil Freelon, a noted architect best known for designing the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, was a student there in the 1970s. The school historically honored scholars because of such commitment to student progress. For instance, the first sentence of the 1956 program announcing Brooks Hall’s dedication explained “Dr. Eugene Clyde Brooks was elected president of North Carolina State College after long and distinguished service to the state in the betterment of its educational program.” A University Archives’ biography proved the point: Brooks, a Greene County native born in 1871, had been Superintendent of Goldsboro Schools and a professor of education before becoming State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1919. As State Superintendent, Brooks convinced the General Assembly to pay part of each schoolteacher’s salary in 1919, a News and Observer article noted. In 1921, a colleague recalled, Brooks got lawmakers to loan $5 million so poor, rural school districts could construct bigger facilities. Scholar William B. Gatewood noted Brooks also pushed the General Assembly to fund more training programs for “negro teachers” in 1919, and he won an appropriation of $1 million for segregated “Negro schools” in 1921. Finally, Brooks declared in a 1921 letter that white officials should “talk to negroes and not about them.” But Brooks revealed segregationist assumptions when speaking with African Americans. In a September 1919 meeting with African American Raleigh leaders, Brooks pushed a Declaration of Principles that condemned “intermingling of the races in terms of social equality.” Historian Sarah Caroline Thuesen argued Brooks implied “Black educational advancement hinged on keeping Black ‘agitation’ at bay.” In addition, Brooks’ own Director of Negro Education complained “officials spent ten times as much on white school buildings during the 1920s as they did on black schools.” When Brooks became NC State’s Chancellor in 1923, he used permanent building funds to renovate and construct twenty-two buildings, according to historian David Lockmiller. But seven years later, Brooks noted in his annual report, the NC General Assembly slashed the college’s budget because of the Great Depression--right as enrollment increased. Brooks also navigated the school through the NC General Assembly’s initiative to consolidate three public universities under one administration and eliminate duplicate departments. The school survived the Depression and Brooks protected Raleigh’s Engineering program, noted historian Alice Reagan, but “the pressure of Consolidation” exhausted him. In November 1933, he suffered an arterial thrombosis and paralysis that forced him to step down. He died in 1947. Brooks’ legacy lived on, however, through his 1911 children’s textbook The Story of Cotton. Brooks told young readers that white people were “the superior race,” and that “in the earlier days, freedom for [the enslaved African American] was impossible, for in his semi-savage state the life, liberty, and happiness of the white race would thereby have been endangered.” The school chose to name Brooks Hall after a man who improved North Carolina’s public education system, although, following the dominant white cultural norms of the time, he legitimized white supremacy and preserved segregation within that system. Design students found meaning in the building, however, because of the diverse scholars who chose to teach within its walls. Bibliography: Original Source References Brooks, Eugene, Clyde. “How Shall Agriculture Survive the Depression?” State Record 31, no. 5 (April 1932): 1-12. Agricultural and Mechanical College Record (LD3916 .S7), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. ---. The Story of Cotton and the Development of the Cotton States. Chicago: Rand, McNally Co, 1911. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006056014 ---. Stories of South America; Historical and Geographical. Richmond, VA: Johnson Publishing Company, 1922. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008649491 Brooks, Eugene Clyde, and Lyman P. Powell. Education for Democracy. Chicago: Rand, McNally & Company, 1919. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t2f768p9p Catalano, Eduardo. Interview by Robert Burns, July 9, 1994, audio recording. College of Design, Office of the Dean Records, UA 110.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua110_001-325946-325947 Harris, Edwin “Abie.” Interview by Virginia Ferris, December 19, 2016, transcript and video recording. North Carolina State Oral Histories (MC00449), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/mc00449-oh-harris-20161219 “New State College Library Masterpiece of Architecture.” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) 18 September 1925. (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. North Carolina State University. 1990 Agromeck: Leaders of the Pack (Raleigh, North Carolina 1990.) Agromeck (LD3928 .N75), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/agromeck-1990 ---, College of Design, Office of the Dean Records, UA 110.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Box 15: Folder “Chancellor J. Harrelson (2 of 2);” Box 70: Folder “Nowicki;” Box 88: Folder “Biographies of Professors” North Carolina State University, College of Design Publications, UA 110.200, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Box 7: Folder “Reflections and Actions” ---. Course catalog (LD3928 .A2253), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/1956 ---, Office of the Chancellor Annual Reports, UA 002.002, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Box 9: Folder “Design School, 1956-1957” “Design School, 1958-1959” Box 24: Folder “President’s Report 1930-1931” ---, Office of the Chancellor, Early Chancellors Records, UA 002.001.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center Box 5: Folders “Consolidation, Correspondence May 1932-August 1932,” “Tennessee Valley Authority, 1932-1933” ---, Office of the Provost, Office for Equal Opportunity and Equity Records, UA 005.009, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Box 6: Folder “Affirmative Action Planning: Correspondence, 1990” Box 41: Folder “Affirmative Action Plan, School of Design” Box 10: Folder “African American Coordinators: Correspondence, 1988-1989” ---, University Archives Reference Collection, Biographical Files, UA 050.003, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center Box 8: Folder “Brooks Hall” and “Caminos, Horacio” ---, University Archives Reference Collection, University Buildings, Sites, Landmarks Files, UA 050.004, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Box 8: Folder “Brooks Hall;” Box 5: Folder “D.H. Hill Library (now Brooks Hall)” Secondary References Sources Bell, Victoria Ballard. Triangle Modern Architecture. Novato, CA: Oro Editions, 2020. Brook, David Louis Sterrett. Henry Leveke Kamphoefner, the Modernist, Dean of the North Carolina State University School of Design, 1948-1972. Master’s Thesis, North Carolina State University, 2005. <http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07252005-164332/unrestricted/etd.pdf>. Brown, Hugh Victor. A History of the Education of Negroes In North Carolina. [Raleigh: Irving Swain Press, 1961. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112042081536 Caminos, Carlos H. Horacio Caminos: Teacher/Docente. Cambridge, MA: Carlos Caminos, 2014. http://sigus.scripts.mit.edu/x/files/Horacio_Caminos_BOOK_INTRODUCTION.pdf Clark, Roger H. School of Design: The Kamphoefner Years 1948-1973. Raleigh: NC State University College of Design Publications, 2007. Favole, Paolo. The Story of Modern Architecture. Munich: Prestel, 2012. Gatewood, Willard B. "Eugene Clyde Brooks and Negro Education in North Carolina, 1919-1923." The North Carolina Historical Review 38, no. 3 (1961): 362-79. Accessed February 1, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23517427. “History of Design Camp.” College of Design. North Carolina State University. Accessed March 8, 2021. https://design.ncsu.edu/designcamp/dc40/history/. Lockmiller, David A. History of the North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering of the University of North Carolina, 1889-1939. Raleigh: [Printed by Edwards & Broughton], 1939. Monteiro, Lyra D. “Power Structures: White Columns, White Marble, White Supremacy.” Intersectionist Medium. October 27, 2020. https://intersectionist.medium.com/american-power-structures-white-columns-white-marble-white-supremacy-d43aa091b5f9 Montenegro, David. Enrique Montenegro: Conversations with the Artist. Albuquerque: David Montenegro, 2012. Kindle. https://www.amazon.com/Enrique-Montenegro-Conversations-Artist-David-ebook/dp/B008OADEC4? Reagan, Alice E. North Carolina State University, a Narrative History. [Raleigh]: North Carolina State University Foundation and North Carolina State University Alumni Association, 1987. Thuesen, Sarah Caroline. Greater Than Equal: African American Struggles for Schools and Citizenship in North Carolina, 1919-1965. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2013. <http://site.ebrary.com/id/10739979>.
Caldwell Hall is situated between Winston Hall and Tompkins Hall on Hillsborough Street. Built in 1981 and originally named Link Hall, due to the fact that it links Winston and Tompkins Hall together, it was renamed for former NC State Chancellor John Tyler Caldwell in 1987. Caldwell, former NCSU Chancellor who served from 1959 to 1975 presided over significant growth in the student body (enrollment more than doubled, reaching over 15,000 students by his retirement) as well as radical increases in the number of women attending. Many new degrees and colleges were added to NC State in the 1960s. Especially notable were the addition of the School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences in 1960, and the School of Liberal Arts in 1963. The History of the College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences states NC State felt the new School was necessary in order to meet “the requirements of modern technology.” The School of Liberal Arts was created as a degree-granting school given to the former non-degree granting School of General Studies. Race was another issue at the forefront of Caldwell’s time as Chancellor. As described by John E. Batchelor in “Race and Education in North Carolina: From Segregation to Desegregation,” North Carolina’s response to the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision was slow, halting, and obstructive, with many people alarmed and angered by moves to desegregate schools. While NC State had admitted its first Black graduate student before this decision, in 1953, it did not admit its first Black undergraduate students until 1956. This all preceded Caldwell’s time as Chancellor, leaving him much to resolve. In 1959 when Caldwell became Chancellor, desegregation and race were still pressing issues for the school and continued to be so. In 1960, NC State had no official policy on accepting Black students from out of state. “The Inclusion and Involvement of African-Americans at North Carolina State University, 1953-1993,” details how Caldwell decided to “quietly” make a policy to accept out of state Black students- but only if they were “exceptionally qualified and never more than a few.” The policy he decided for international students was similar, deciding to accept “only a few if highly qualified.” According to Nash Nicks Winstead, author of “The Inclusion and Involvement of African-Americans at North Carolina State University, 1953-1993,” in 1961 Caldwell joined the Mayor’s Community Relations Committee and acted as an advocate for the integration of Raleigh restaurants; at the time only 11 restaurants near the campus served Black students. In the 1991 Technician article announcing the death of Chancellor Caldwell, former Vice Chancellor of Student Affairs Tom Stafford said, “Caldwell felt the most important day during his career at NCSU was the day Baxley’s Restaurant on Hillsborough St. was integrated.” Another issue facing Chancellor Caldwell was a rise in student protest. As sociologist Colin Barker notes at the beginning of his article, “Some Reflections on Student Movements of the 1960s and Early 1970s,” “The 1960s and early 1970s were notable for the rise and spread of student movements across many parts of the industrialized world.” NC State was no different and students were involved in protests against racism, for workers’ rights, freedom of speech, and anti-War throughout Caldwell’s time as Chancellor. Interviewed in 1975 in a special edition of the Technician called “The Caldwell Years” honoring his retirement, Caldwell stated that he wasn’t against the protests, rather “misbehavior.” He applauded the anti-Vietnam protestors saying, “‘They despised that war in Vietnam but they took the responsible role not just of dialogue but also of protest in a dignified and convincing way in an appeal to reason.” However, he was not always supportive of protests. A NCSU Library News Article put out by special collections, “African American Protests Spring 1969 (Part 1)” after a series of protests for “better wages and working conditions for NC State’s non-academic workers,” Chancellor Caldwell canceled classes on March 5th and addressed 7,000 students, faculty, and staff at Reynolds Coliseum the campus about the recent protests. A Technician article published March 7th reported the speech: “To the campus militants [Caldwell] said: ‘Stop being so disgustingly self-righteous. Self-righteousness is the most unbecoming, unproductive and unenjoyable of all the sins in the catalogue! Some are real enjoyable.. I remind each of you, that despite my record of concern and fairness for the Black man and for every person on this campus, not one of you would be champions had the appreciation or common decency to come near me to find the facts or seek a remedy, if one was needed during the recent protest…’” Protests continued throughout the year especially pertaining to the requests and ongoing tensions and disagreements between the Non-Academic Employees Union Grievance Committee and campus leadership. Several Black employees were fired during this time. The employees claimed it was due to their involvement in protests while the University held it was due to their shirking of job responsibilities. Caldwell remained at NC State until his retirement in 1975, though he continued to teach political science courses at NC State until 1985 and served as the president of the Triangle Universities Center for Advanced Studies, Inc. from 1975 to 1982. Upon his retirement, the alumni association named the University’s first merit scholarship after him. According to the Caldwell Fellows Program website, the Caldwell scholarship eventually merged with the previously established NC State Fellows Program to officially become the Caldwell Fellows Program in 1990. Caldwell passed away in 1995. Original Source References Caldwell, John T., Box 10, North Carolina State University, University Archives Reference Collection, Biographical Files, UA 050.003, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center John Tyler Caldwell Papers, MC 00037, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, Office of the Chancellor, John Tyler Caldwell Records, UA 002.001.004, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, Office of the Vice Chancellor for Finance and Administration Records 1887-2013, UA 003.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center, Box 187 Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. Secondary Source References Batchelor, John E. Race and Education in North Carolina: From Segregation to Desegregation. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2015. Cohen, Robert. Rebellion in Black and White: Southern Student Activism in the 1960s. United States: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013. Ferguson, Roderick A.. We Demand: The University and Student Protests. United States: University of California Press, 2017. https://soh.omeka.chass.ncsu.edu/exhibits/show/1970-johncaldwell/caldwell-work-together Kosmerik, Todd. “African-American Protests, Spring 1969 (Part 1).” NC State University Libraries. March 15, 2019. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/news/special-collections/african-american-protests-spring-1969-part-1 Kosmerik, Todd. “African-American Protests, Spring 1969 (Part 2).” NC State University Libraries. April 23, 2019. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/news/special-collections/african-american-protests-spring-1969-part-2 Kosmerik, Todd. “African-American Protests, Spring 1969 (Part 3).” NC State University Libraries. June 11, 2019. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/news/special-collections/african-american-protests-spring-1969-part-3 Spencer, Anna. “Graduate Students Break the Color Barrier in 1950s.” NC State: The Graduate School. February 7, 2019. https://grad.ncsu.edu/news/2019/02/students-break-the-color-barrier/#:~:text=In%201953%2C%20two%20African%2DAmerican,to%20integrate%20NC%20State%20University.&text=It%20was%20three%20years%20later,to%20NC%20State's%20undergraduate%20programs. Spencer, Anna. “Twists and Turns of Naming NC State.” NC State: The Graduate School. April 30, 2019. https://grad.ncsu.edu/news/2019/04/naming-nc-state/#:~:text=In%201965%2C%20to%20much%20fanfare,or%20North%20Carolina%20State%20University. "Let's Work Together Now" The State of History. Accessed February 10, 2021. https://soh.omeka.chass.ncsu.edu/exhibits/show/1970-johncaldwell/caldwell-work-together “Historical Sketch of North Carolina State University.” NC State Libraries. Accessed February 10, 2021. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/scrc/university-historical-sketch “Energy Performance Contracts.” NC State University: Energy Management. Accessed February 10, 2021. https://sustainability.ncsu.edu/energy-management/programs/energy-performance-contracts/ “Caldwell Fellows: History” NC State Alumni Association, Accessed February 10, 2021. http://www.community.alumni.ncsu.edu/s/1209/caldwell/interior.aspx?sid=1209&gid=1001&pgid=5208 Winstead, Nash Nicks. “Inclusion and Involvement of African-Americans at North Carolina State University, 1953-1993,” (LD3928 .W5 2000), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/LD3928-W5-2000#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-2339%2C17%2C9459%2C7136
Centennial Campus was named in honor of NC State’s 100th anniversary, which occurred in 1987. It is located south of the original campus (now North Campus). Differing from traditional campuses, Centennial plays host to university, industry, and government partners. It is home to academic bodies like the College of Engineering, the Veterinary Medical Campus, and the Wilson College of Textiles, but also to LexisNexis, an office of the National Weather Service, and Centennial Campus Magnet Middle School. The campus also has housing, a golf course, a state-of-the-art library, and a hotel and conference center. Plans for Centennial Campus began in the early 1980s at NC State. There was a desperate need for more space to accommodate a growing student population which had surpassed 20,000 for the first time. To address this need, Bruce Poulton, who became chancellor in 1982, spearheaded plans to create a new campus and in 1984 Governor Hunt (an NC State graduate) transferred 385 acres to NC State for a new campus. This was followed by a second grant in 1985 by Governor James. G. Martin of another 450 acres. The governors transferred this land from Dorthea Dix Hospital, originally known as the Asylum for the Insane of North Carolina to the college in order to enhance the level of education and economic opportunity in North Carolina, and for this reason Centennial Campus is often considered NC State’s second land-grant. Centennial Campus grew through additional grants and purchases to eventually total over 1,000 acres. In 1988, NC State bought 76 acres from the Catholic Diocese of Raleigh. After negotiating over the price, the News & Observer reported the Diocese agreed to sell the land for $7.5 million, pending approval from the Pope. The land had once been the site for the Nazareth Catholic Orphanage. The orphanage had a small graveyard and there is some uncertainty about where or whether the graves were moved. In September of 1985, Chancellor Bruce Poulton created the University Planning committee. They reached out to see what buildings and programs the University community wanted on Centennial Campus and received 83 proposals. Many departments had a strong desire to build competitive graduate research facilities. The Carley Capital Group was hired as the master developers and along with the University Planning committee created the master plan. Two design principles for Centennial Campus were respecting the land and cluster development. This means designs followed the natural topography of the land and were ecologically sound. Cluster development means that buildings were set up in “neighborhoods” with doors facing central courtyards and connected by walking paths. According to Paige Meszaros’s “The History of North Carolina State University's Centennial Campus,” there was no shortage of opposition. Some questioned the legality of the land transfer, while others resented the land being taken from the then still operational Dix Hospital. There was even opposition from faculty. Denis Wood, a design professor, wrote an unfavorable letter to the editor about Centennial Campus. In return, Chancellor Poulton informed Dr. Wood that by signing the unfavorable comments with his official NC State title, he had violated the Faculty Rights and Responsibilities section of the University of North Carolina Code. Traffic was another controversial issue. The contention intensified over plans to build a new road, Century Boulevard. There was an erroneous assumption that Century Boulevard was NC State’s project and Chancellor Poulton had to respond to letters from upset residents and alumni, informing them the road was the city of Raleigh’s project. The city council created alternative proposals and in 1995 construction began on Centennial Parkway. From the beginning travel between the two campuses occurred by bus, car, bike, and foot, but in the 1990s the University seriously considered building a monorail. This idea was ultimately shelved due to high cost. In May 1987, construction began on the College of Textiles complex. In an interview Bob Barnhardt, then Dean of the College of Textiles, remembered how the move was initially resisted by faculty who feared being isolated and worried about scheduling classes on a separate campus. On his first day they presented him with a signed paper stating they had voted unanimously not to move. However, in 1991 textiles became the first college to move to Centennial Campus. As construction began in the late 80s and early 90s, the University was uncertain if it would be successful attracting businesses. The land is public and so is owned by the people of North Carolina. This means NC State can only lease the land to businesses, not sell. Claude McKinney, Special Assistant to the Chancellor for the Development of Centennial Campus, remembered in an interview how this caused them to lose some partnerships, “You had a number of people, Cotton, Inc. being one—they just wanted to own the land. If they were going to build a building on it, they wanted to own it first. And we said, “But you can’t do that.’” In 1991 ABB became the first major corporate partner. Frank Hart, provost under Chancellor Monteith, remembered in an interview that ABB was attracted by NC State’s access to technology. NC State works with all its partners to create beneficial partnerships. All Centennial Campus partners must collaborate in some way with NC State, and in addition to the intellectual resources on campus, partners also have access to certain University amenities like the libraries and can get discounts on events such as football. In the late 90s, the first multi-tenant buildings on Centennial opened and were soon full. Jaine Place, the Partnership Development Specialist, explained in an interview that the early days of Centennial Campus aligned with the dot-com bubble and they had a constant stream of interested business partners. By 2018, Centennial Campus could boast of over 75 on-campus partners including IBM and the National Security Agency. In his 2018 “Centennial Campus Update,” Chancellor Randy Woodson wrote, “These partnerships solve complex global challenges, provide real-world opportunities to our students and faculty, and create jobs and investment for NC and beyond.” References Original Source References Barnhardt, Bob. “Interview with Bob Barnhardt.” Interview by Chad Morgan. Centennial Campus Oral Histories, MC 00066, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/specialcollections/centennialcampus/oral_history/scrc_barnhardt.html. “Centennial Campus” NC State University. Accessed October 9, 2020. https://centennial.ncsu.edu/. Graziano, Carl. “City study backs Century Boulevard construction.” News & Observer, (Raleigh, NC), May 20, 1987. Newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/image/655734362. Hart, Frank. Interview with Creative Services. Office of Public Affairs, Creative Services Records, 1889-2014, UA014.015, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/specialcollections/centennialcampus/eprofiles.html. Hunt, James. “Governor Jim Hunt Interview.” Interview with Creative Services. Office of Public Affairs, Creative Services Records, 1889-2014, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. UA014.015. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua014_015-036-cn0137-K505. Joseph, Toni. “Alternative plans to Century Boulevard offered.” News & Observer (Raleigh, N.C.), September 9, 1987. Newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/image/655749621/?terms=centennial%20parkway&match=1. Litt, Steven. “Promising design plan presents challenge for Centennial Campus.” News & Observer, (Raleigh, NC), December 30, 1987. Newspapers.com. Accessed October 13, 2020. https://www.newspapers.com/image/655888547. Litt, Steven. “Road paved with good intentions?” News & Observer, (Raleigh, NC), June 7, 1987.Newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/image/655733896/?terms=century%20boulevard&match=1. McKinney, Claude. “Interview with Claude McKinney.” Interview with Creative Services. Office of Public Affairs, Creative Services Records, 1889-2014, UA014.015, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua014_015-036-cn0134-K499. North Carolina State University, Office of the Chancellor, Bruce Robert Poulton Records, UA 002.001.006, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/findingaids/ua002_001_006/access. North Carolina State University, Office of Finance and Administration, Centennial Campus Records, UA 003.010, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/findingaids/ua003_010/access. Place, Jaine. “Jaine Place oral history interview.” Interview by Chad Morgan. Centennial Campus Oral Histories, MC 00066, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/mc00066-001-bx0001-005-001. Poulton, Bruce. Interview with Creative Services. Office of Public Affairs, Creative Services Records, 1889-2014, UA014.015,NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/specialcollections/centennialcampus/eprofiles.html. Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. Worsley, George. “NCSU Creative Services Centennial Campus Interviews — Worsley.” Interview with Creative Services. Office of Public Affairs, Creative Services Records, 1889-2014, UA014.015, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua014_015-036-cn0137-K502. Sykes, Debbi. “Catholics to sell land to NCSU.” News & Observer (Raleigh, NC), May 26, 1988. Newspapers.com. Accessed October 13, 2020. https://www.newspapers.com/image/655402618/?terms=Vatican%20approval%20centennial%20campus&match=1. Secondary Source Resources Albert N. Link, John T. Scott, The economics of university research parks, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Volume 23, Issue 4, Winter 2007, Pages 661–674, https://doi-org.prox.lib.ncsu.edu/10.1093/oxrep/grm030. Catholic Diocese of Raleigh. “Cathedral campus transformation continues; land sale transacted in conjunction with Pullen Road project.” April 25, 2018. https://dioceseofraleigh.org/news/cathedral-campus-transformation-continues-land-sale-transacted-conjunction-pullen-road-project. “Enrollment History – NC State 1889-Present.” NC State University. Accessed October 12, 2020. https://oirp.ncsu.edu/students/enrollment/headcount-enrollment/headcount-archives_reports_resources/enrollment-history/enrollment-history-nc-state-1889-present/. High, Morgan. “Inside ABB and NC State’s Decadeslong Partnership.” NC State University, September 22, 2020. https://news.ncsu.edu/2020/09/abb-nc-state-partnership/. Holy Name of Jesus Cathedral. “The Nazareth Property.” Accessed October 12, 2020. https://www.raleighcathedral.org/content.cfm?id=665. Meszaros, Paige. “The History of North Carolina State University's Centennial Campus.” Centennial Documentation Project. NCSU Libraries. Special Collections Research Center. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/specialcollections/centennialcampus/ehistory.html NC State Facilities. “Campus History: The Physical Development of NC State University.” Accessed October 12, 2020. https://facilities.ofa.ncsu.edu/about-us/campus-history/. NC State University. “Centennial Campus Celebrating 30 Years of Innovation.” https://nebraskalegislature.gov/pdf/reports/committee/appropriations/lr200_ncsu_2015.pdf NC State University. “Centennial Campus Update.” March 2, 2018. https://leadership.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2018-3-2-BOV-Centennial-Update-FINAL.pdf. NC State University Libraries. “Historical State Timelines”. Accessed October 10, 2020. https://historicalstate.lib.ncsu.edu/timelines/centennial-campus. Noble, David F.. America by Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism (Galaxy Books). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 1979. RTI International Center for Technology Applications, “Intellectual Property and Technology Commercialization in North Dakota.” July 7, 2006. https://www.legis.nd.gov/files/resource/committee-memorandum/ec071906appendixh1.pdf Shaffer, Josh. “They died at a Raleigh orphanage, but no one knows exactly where they are now.” News & Observer, (Raleigh, NC), Updated November 10, 2017. https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/news-columns-blogs/josh-shaffer/article183205001.html. Tauss, Leigh, “Raleigh Finally Pays Due to Indigenous People in a Dix Park Ceremony.” Indy Week (Raleigh, NC), August 5, 2020. https://indyweek.com/news/wake/dix-park-native-land-acknowledgment/.
Various architects and landscapers created the Court of North Carolina slowly, bit by bit. The court has taken on many lives: as a pasture for cows, a location for classrooms and professors’ offices, open space, a place for students to gather, and a scenic view. The open space was previously known as the 1911 Field. In the beginning, in 1889, the court was a grassy field for the school’s cows. The cows were used for teaching animal husbandry, and occasionally pranks. The pasture was fenced in and there were significantly fewer buildings surrounding it until between 1902-1912 when Winston, Tompkins, Leazar, 1911 Building (previously a dormitory), and Page Hall were built. The court’s modern borders were finalized with the construction of Poe and Caldwell Hall in 1971 and 1981, respectively. The cows and fences were removed likely around 1910. From 1910 to 1946 the field was just grass with no paths cutting through and trees lining the edges. The biggest change to the court happened in 1946. The end of World War II and the G.I. Bill of 1944 brought a major increase in student enrollment. The Serviceman’s Adjustment Act, or the G.I. Bill of 1944, funded veterans in their tuition, school supplies, housing, and counseling services. At NC State about 4,000 more students enrolled into the school. The additional students put pressure on NC State’s facilities, faculty, and staff. To remedy the space issue, the university built five, two-floor rectangular buildings, and twelve Quonset huts. These huts were used as temporary classrooms that sat 40-45 students. The huts were 48 feet by 20 feet, and were shaped like a half cylinder. Peden Steel Company of Raleigh was the supplier, and Crane and Denbo Company of Durham built the huts. The huts were not insulated, but were heated by oil, had windows, and had electricity. The temporary buildings housed classes for English, math, the School of Design, and likely other liberal art classes. One of the classes taught was a speed reading and comprehension class by Professor Paul Rust. Departments of the liberal arts were chosen to teach in the huts on the basis that they did not need laboratories. In 1952, the huts were disassembled and some were sent to the state prison and some placed near the track field. At the same time the field was landscaped. Thirty-four years later, on the centennial anniversary of the university, the university bestowed a dedication plaque at the Court of North Carolina. The sign notes the surrounding buildings’ age, and student’s and faculty member’s love of the space. In 2010, two new additions were added to the court: the center stairs leading up to the 1911 building and the outdoor classroom. The stairs were managed by landscape project manager, Lynn Swank. The outdoor classroom was designed with the help of the College of Humanities and Social Science faculty. Lastly, the Court of North Carolina was and is used as an event venue. In December of 2014 students protesting the results of the trial of Darrien Wilson, the Ferguson police officer who fatally shot 18-year-old Michael Brown, Jr. earlier that year, walked out of class to the court to the Brickyard. Four years later, the court was used for a drone demonstration for Packapalooza, which is a festive event for students and North Carolinians. In April 2019 NC State’s South Asian student organizations hosted a cultural field day in the court. From 1889 to 2019 NC State’s oldest part of campus has changed drastically in its landscape. But despite the changes, the Court of North Carolina has remained a space for NC State students. References Original Source References NC State Special Collections Research Center: Funkhouser, Edward T. "Hallowed Places Plaque, Court of North Carolina". Item identifier mc0036-HallowedPlaces-CourtOfNC-Slide2-Marc2013. Edward T. Funkhouser Photographs, 2001-2016 (MC00336). Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. Lockmiller, David A. “History of the North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering of the University of North Carolina, 1889-1939”. Raleigh: General Alumni Association of the North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering of the University of North Carolina North Carolina State University, University Archives Reference Collection, University Buildings, Sites, Landmarks Files, 1888-2019. UA050.004. Technician Secondary Source Reading Creadick, Anna G. Perfectly Average: The Pursuit of Normality in Postwar America. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2010. Ford, D'Lyn. "Stairway to 1911". NC State University News. June 9, 2010. https://news.ncsu.edu/2010/06/stairway-to-1911/ Harjrasouliha, Amir. “Campus Score: Measuring University Campus Qualities”. Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 158. February 2017. Pp 166-176.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.10.007 "Historical State Timelines: Campus Buildings, Grounds & Landmarks". North Carolina State University Libraries. Accessed March 24, 2019. https://historicalstate.lib.ncsu.edu/timelines/campus-buildings-grounds Hough, Mark. The Campus Landscape: Conserving an American Tradition. 1997. (Dissertation) May, Elaine Tyler. Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era. New York: Basic Books, Inc, 1988. Quonset Hut: Metal Living for a Modern Age. Edited by Julie Decker and Chris Chiei. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2005. “Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944)”. United States Government. Accessed April 6th, 2019. https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=76#
The main library located on North Carolina State University’s North Campus celebrated with an opening ceremony in March of 1955, when Chancellor Bostian and the administration of the university dedicated the building to Daniel Harvey Hill, Jr. Daniel Harvey Hill Junior came from a long line of military leaders. He was born in January 1859 to Daniel Harvey Hill Senior and Isabella Morrison in Davidson, North Carolina. Hill’s father was the son of Revolutionary war Colonel William Hill. Hill Senior was also the chair of the mathematics department at Davidson College, the superintendent of the North Carolina Military Institute and a lieutenant general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. Daniel Harvey Hill Junior often went by the abbreviated version of his name, D.H. Hill, and he tended to drop the “Junior” part altogether. In 1880, D.H. Hill, Jr. graduated from Davidson College with a bachelor of arts degree and in 1885 he graduated from Davidson again with a master of arts degree. Hill worked at the Georgia Military and Agricultural College from 1880 to 1889 as an English professor prior to being hired at North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (now North Carolina State University) as a founding faculty member and as the school’s first English professor. From 1889 to 1899, Hill served as the supervisor and first librarian of the university library, which was located on the first floor of Holladay Hall. While at North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Hill served as an English professor, librarian, vice president of the college and eventually president of the university. Hill served as the president of the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts from 1908 to 1916. During Hill’s tenure, the number of students and faculty at the college grew significantly. Hill’s scholarly reputation grew from research on North Carolina’s role in the American Civil War. The North Carolina Historical Commission offered Hill the opportunity to work on the history of North Carolina soldiers during the American Civil War. D.H. Hill Junior announced his resignation to the Board of Trustees and the students in 1916. Hill was a proponent of the Lost Cause, an interpretation of the Civil War that many modern historians view as providing the ideological underpinnings of segregation and white supremacy in this period. Hill’s draft of his book Bethel to Sharpsburg: North Carolina in the War Between the States stated that North Carolinians should be proud of their war efforts during the American Civil War and for seceding from the union in the first place. Published in 1926, Hill’s two volume book was extremely war-centric and it read as a military history that focused on the strategies of North Carolina soldiers and their accomplishments during the American Civil War. At the formal opening ceremony of D.H. Hill Jr. Library, Chancellor Carey H. Bostian delivered the dedication, and former Chancellor Harrelson spoke about Hill’s life. Minister of the West Raleigh Presbyterian Church, Reverend Edward Agsten orated the invocation and Director of the Library, Harlan C. Brown delivered the welcoming speech. Brown’s speech claimed the library served all North Carolinians since the General Assembly representatives of 1949 gave $1,500,000 for the library’s construction and materials. His speech also honored those who built the library. Northrop and O’Brien were the architects, Clyde H. Whitely did plumbing and heating, Thompson Electrical Co. were in charge of electrical work, Ira Cutshall and James Ligon were the supervisors and inspectors, and furniture was supplied by Globe Wernicke Co, Myrtle Desk Co., and High Point Bending & Chair Co. The library received major construction again in 1965 with expansion west, and in 1972 with the eleven floor tower addition. The tower opened in October of 1972 and was accompanied with another dedication by Chancellor John T. Caldwell. Finally, in 1990 the South Tower was built. The library had many steadfast and successful librarians. Mary Elizabeth Poole joined the staff of D.H. Hill Jr. Library in 1945 as the documents librarian. During her 35 year tenure with the university, Poole received the James B. Childs Award from the American Library Association. Offered only to the most superior documents librarians, the James B Childs Award honored Poole and her significant contributions to the library. Issac T. Littleton, another significant librarian of D.H. Hill Jr. Library, served the university from 1959 to 1987. He began as an assistant director of the library and took over as director after Brown retired in 1971. Littleton saw and contributed to the library’s growth. Thanks to him and many others, the library’s book, periodicals, and binding budget increased from $114,000 in 1958 to $3.1 million in 1981. Also, Full-time staff tripled during his time at NC State. Littleton was also interested in the role technology played in the library. He wrote an article called “Electronic Libraries” and was part of developing technology for libraries. Lillie Caster worked at the library from 1973 to 1981 as the Head of Monograph Cataloging. She helped the cataloguing department go from manual to electronic cataloguing, which was not a small task with about one million volumes. D.H. Hill Jr. Library staff have described the library as a “Frankenstein” building because of the library’s multiple architectural designs. These various styles were not due to a single construction period, but one spanning about forty years. The library’s construction began on November 5, 1951 and the library opened on March 12, 1955. Conversation, however, for a new library began in 1944 between Chancellor Col. J. W. Harrelson and the Library Committee. The 1944 committee was made up of professors, librarians, and Dean L. L. Vaughan. The group wanted a library that was accessible from dorms and department buildings. They were also concerned about the low number of books the library possessed in relation to other research universities. This was a worry of the committee until around 1979, along with the concern about the library’s organization and staffing. The library today goes well beyond the expectations of its founders, with its music studios, digital labs, 3-D printers, and digitized archives. Along with these special spaces, students can purchase a coffee or a snack from Hill of Beans, the library coffee shop, which opened in 2002. Or the Creamery, one of the spots on campus where students can purchase Howling Cow ice cream. More than twenty years after the last addition, the library's Brickyard side entrance is being remodeled to bring it further into the twenty-first century. References Original Source References Collected Newspaper Articles and Addresses: “The Distinguished Dr. D.H. Hill, Daniel Harvey Hill” (1859 - 1924) Papers, MC 00022, Special Collections Research Center, North Carolina State University Libraries, Raleigh, NC. Hill Jr., Daniel Harvey. Bethel to Sharpsburg: North Carolina in the War Between the States. Littleton, I.T. The D.H. Hill Library: An Informal History, 1887-1987. Raleigh: North Carolina State University, Friends of the Library, 1993. Mary Elizabeth Poole Papers, MC 00253, Special Collections Research Center, North Carolina State University Libraries, Raleigh, NC. North Carolina State University Libraries, History of D. H. Hill Library Records 1889-1991, 1993. UA012.005. Special Collections Research Center, North Carolina State University Libraries, Raleigh, NC. Wolf, Ben and Derek Edgren. “Book Sale Raises Funds for NCSU Libraries.” Technician. April 16, 2019. Accessed May 9, 2019. http://www.technicianonline.com/arts_entertainment/article_d11f2bfe-60a3-11e9-9412-270bfc2f83ee.html. Secondary Source References Conner, Matthew. The New University Library: Four Case Studies. Chicago: ALA Editions, 2014. Gallagher, Gary W., and Alan T. Nolan. The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010. Hayatt, James A. and Aurora A. Santiago. University Libraries in Transition. Washington D.C.: NACUBO, 1987. Osterweis, Rollin G. The Myth of the Lost Cause; 1865-1900. Hamden: Archon Books, 1973. Regan, Alice E. North Carolina State University: A Narrative History. Raleigh: North Carolina State University Foundation and North Carolina State University Alumni Association, 1987. Multimedia NCSU Timelines “Poole, Mary Elizabeth.” NC State University Libraries. Accessed May 9, 2019. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/names/2377-poole-mary-elizabeth-1914. Wolford, Taylor. “A Son of the Confederacy: The Life and Legacy of Daniel Harvey Hill Jr.” NC State University Public History Program. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrnA8MhEe88.