William Neal Reynolds, Jr. Coliseum is located next to Talley Student Union on Central Campus. According to the dedication program for Reynolds Coliseum, the idea for the building came from David Clark, an alumnus of NC State, during the 1940 Farmer’s Week Meetings. They were scheduled to be held at the outdoor Riddick Stadium, but were rained out for two days. Clark was struck by the idea that NC State needed a coliseum to hold indoor events. According to a Technician article from 1974, celebrating the 25th anniversary of the Coliseum’s opening, construction originally began in 1942, but was halted in 1943, due to World War II. Construction began again in 1948. The first event held at the Coliseum was a 1949 basketball game between NC State and Washington and Lee University. Reynolds Coliseum was also outfitted with special pipes which allowed them to turn it into an ice rink. It was at the April 22, 1950 intermission of “Ice Cycles of 1950” that the building was officially dedicated. The Coliseum was named after William Neal Reynolds, Jr., former chairman of the Board of directors of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. Reynolds was an alumni of Duke, but many sources list him as being a generous benefactor of NC State through the years. An April 1950 News & Observer article quotes Chancellor Harrelson as saying the Coliseum was named for Reynolds as “an act in appreciation of the industrial and humanitarian leadership of Mr. Reynolds.” It was Reynold’s niece, Mary Katherine Reynolds Babcock, who suggested naming the building after her uncle, and who made the original financial contributions for erecting the coliseum, as well as additional funds later in order to construct the ice rink. Reynolds Coliseum held many events through the years including basketball games, ice shows, and musical concerts. Famous musical acts such as the Rolling Stones and Elton John have played the venue. Reynolds hosted speakers like campaigning, sitting, and former presidents, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton and Barack Obama. Others include famed architect Frank Lloyd Wright who gave a lecture on architecture in 1950. In 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. delivered a speech in Reynolds Coliseum. The Office for Institutional Equity and Diversity article, “The History of MLK at NC State,” reports that on July 31, 1966, King delivered a speech to an integrated audience at Reynolds Coliseum. On his way to the Coliseum King had to pass two chapters of the North Carolina Klu Klux Klan who were marching through downtown Raleigh. The men’s basketball team played in Reynolds Coliseum from 1940 to 2000, when they moved to PNC Arena. The Coliseum held many famous events such as hosting the Southern Conference, N.C.A.A tournaments and the Dixie Classic. Reynolds Coliseum is often referred to as “The Place that Case Built,” after former basketball coach Evert Case. Case had great success as a basketball coach at NC State, and according to his Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame biography, as well as Bethany Bradsher, author of “The Classic: How Evert Case and His Tournament Brought Big-Time Basketball to the South,” Case is credited with making basketball popular in North Carolina and across the Atlantic division during his tenure from 1946 to 1964. The coliseum currently serves as the permanent home for women’s basketball, volleyball, gymnastics, wrestling and rifle and went through a massive renovation in 2016. This was high on the list of athletic director Debbie Yow, sister of Kay Yow, celebrated former NC State women’s basketball coach from 1975 to 2009, winning over 700 games. According to the NC State News article, “Reynolds Reopens in Grand Style,” Debbie Yow wanted to preserve the history of Reynolds Coliseum, while updating it to better serve the women’s teams and be a space which could be used for major events. In 2012, the court was named after Kay Yow, while in 2018, the arena was named after James T. Valvano, former NC State men’s basketball coach who led the 1983 team to win the national title. Reynolds Coliseum has also been the permanent home of the campus Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) since its opening in 1949. According to Alice Regan’s North Carolina State University: A Narrative History, NC State’s ROTC program was established in 1916, shortly after the National Defense Act of June 3, 1916 was passed, establishing the program. This program replaced the former military-training requirement for land-grant colleges, which was created by the Morrill Act. This act established land-grant colleges across the country, also required the schools to include military training. Richard M. Abrams explains in the article “The U. S. Military and Higher Education: A Brief History,” that while the Morill act made military training a requirement, it was not regulated by the federal government, rather it was left to the state governments. This led to differing levels of commitment across the land-grant colleges. ROTC was more organized and it also provided financial support to upperclassmen who signed military service contracts. NC State made ROTC mandatory for the first two years of all students . This remained in place until 1964. Women students however, never faced compulsory ROTC duty, however, as women were not allowed to participate in ROTC until 1970. One important part of the renovation included adding air conditioning to the building. This was a large improvement for the space. A 2008 Raleigh News & Observer article recalled how two years previously, nine people attending high school graduation ceremonies had to be treated for heat related concerns. Other aspects of the renovation included creating a Walk of Fame & History through the bottom floor. Here, visitors can learn about the achievements of NC State’s sports teams, former coaches, and the history of Reynolds Coliseum itself. Interested persons can also take a virtual tour of Reynolds Coliseum, which includes the option to view the space in virtual reality. Primary Source References North Carolina State University, Committees, University Coliseum Committee Records, UA 022.014, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, Office of Public Affairs, News Services Records, UA 014.011, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, Division of Student Affairs, Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs Records, UA 016.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, Office of Public Affairs Records, UA 014.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, University Archives Reference Collection, University Buildings, Sites, Landmarks Files, UA 050.004, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1.N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries Secondary Source References Abrams, Richard M. "The U. S. Military and Higher Education: A Brief History." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 502 (1989): 15-28. Accessed May 19, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1046973. Basketball Hall of Fame. “Everett N. Case.” Accessed May 14, 2021. https://www.hoophall.com/hall-of-famers/everett-case/. Bradsher, Bethany. The Classic: How Everett Case and His Tournament Brought Big-Time Basketball to the South. Houston: Whitecaps Media, 2011. Bradsher, Bethany. “The Greatest Three Days.” North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame. May, 09, 2013. https://www.ncshof.org/news_article/show/767513--the-greatest-three-days- . Dorin-Black, Cathy. “Fabulous 50: First Pan-Afrikan Festival.” NC State University Libraries. March 29, 2021. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/news/special-collections/fabulous-50-first-pan-afrikan-festival. GoPack. “Who is William Neal Reynolds?” Men’s Basketball. Dec. 2, 2010. https://gopack.com/news/2010/12/2/Who_is_William_Neal_Reynolds_ . Howes, Pauline. “Reynolds, William Neal.” NCPedia. 1994. https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/reynolds-william-neal. Miller, JasonW. “When MLK and the KKK met in Raleigh.” Office for Institutional Equity and Diversity: African American Cultural Center. https://diversity.ncsu.edu/aacc/when-mlk-and-the-kkk-met-in-raleigh/. NC State University. “Arena at Reynolds Coliseum to Be Named for Legendary NC State Men’s Basketball Coach Jim Valvano.” November 14, 2018. https://news.campaign.ncsu.edu/2018/11/valvano-arena/. Peeler, Tim. “A Look Inside Reynolds Renovations.” NC State University News. Accessed May 12, 2021. https://news.ncsu.edu/2015/06/a-look-inside-reynolds-renovations/ . Visit NC State. “Reynolds Coliseum.” NC State Virtual Tour. Accessed May 12, 2021. https://visit.ncsu.edu/main-campus/reynolds-coliseum/.
Alexander Hall is located on North Campus just south of Wolf Plaza and is home to the living learning community Global Village. The residence hall opened in 1939, and was originally called “A” Dormitory. In 1940, Alexander Hall was renamed after Sydenham Bernard Alexander, Jr, an alumni and member of the Board of Trustees. According to Alice Reagan’s North Carolina State University: A Narrative History, during World War II, Alexander Hall was used by the Army Air Corps, along with nearby Turlington Hall. Between the two dorms there was a barrack area, a sentry post, a canteen, and a recreation room provided by the YMCA. After the war, Alexander Hall housed male students, however, in September 1967, Alexander Hall became a women’s dormitory, making it the second women’s dormitory at NC State after Watauga. An article in the Statelog from December 1966 stated this was due to an expected increase in women students, and the fact that Carroll Hall, which was being built to house women, would not be completed by the fall of ‘67. Women living in Alexander would have had to follow special curfews which only applied to women students. According to Regan’s A Narrative History, the restrictions gradually lessened in 1968 when junior and senior women were exempt from the curfew and were finally dropped altogether in 1971. Alexander Hall became a men’s dormitory again and in the fall of 1975 the Alexander International Hall program opened. This program was meant to facilitate cross-cultural understanding between domestic and international students and was organized so that each international student would room with a domestic student. The dormitory also held events such as international coffees and hosted trips to Washington D.C. for the international students. Alexander Hall was chosen due to its central location and the large basement which could serve as the International Lounge. In 1977, the International Program expanded to include women and Alexander Hall became a co-ed dormitory. In 1980, the first official Study Abroad Office opened in the basement of Alexander Hall. A 2005 Technician article celebrating the 25th anniversary of the office reported that when it first opened the office was funded by laundry machine revenues. Before the Study Abroad Office, there was a Foreign Student Adviser, whose position expanded to be the Foreign Student and Study Abroad Adviser beginning in 1972. NC State has a long history of international students and international cooperation, beginning with the first international student to enroll in 1892, Jose Fabio Santo Trigo, from Cuba. It is unclear if Trigo graduated from NC State, as there is little information on him. The NC State Historic Timelines list Teisaku Sugishita of Japan, as the first Asian graduate from NC State, graduating in 1898 with a degree in Civil Engineering. A 1937 Technician article reported that enrollment that year exceeded all previous marks, including eight foreign students. The countries represented were students from Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Iraq, Canada, and Argentina. The number of international students at NC State remained relatively low until the 1960s. It wasn’t until then the school began providing special services to support international students in the form of an International Center, cosponsored by the YMCA, which was located in the basement of the King Religious Center, demolished in 1975, located where the design school is today. International Students were largely referred to as “foreign students” for much of the 20th century at NC State. In 1948, with the establishment of the International Student’s Organization, later committee, they requested to be called “international students,” however foreign student and international student both continued to be used. The International Student committee’s report focused on the isolation international students faced. One move to solve this issue was the announcement that international students would no longer be “housed by nationality with all in the same dorm,” instead students would be scattered across the campus. In addition to advocating for international students on campus, the committee also organized events and an international student soccer team. In 2005, Alexander International Hall became Global Village, following the University's living learning village initiative which began in 2002. The villages are residence hall communities centered around different student interests. The Living Learning Initiatives website describes them as, “communities of students joined by the same academic, personal or lifestyle interests, whether that’s a passion for the arts or a commitment to conservation.” Global Village continues to facilitate a program which houses domestic and international students together. They also provide academic programming on global and cultural issues as well as excursions around Raleigh and North Carolina as well as places like New York City and Washington D.C. Beyond Alexander Hall and Global Village, NC State has become a more global community through the years. A 2005 Technician article reported that the number of NC State Students studying abroad tripled every ten years between 1980 and 2005. NC State’s Study Abroad webpage estimates that in 2018-2019, about 22% of students studied abroad. Just as studying abroad has become steadily more popular, the number of international students at NC State has steadily increased since the 1980s. In 1989, the total number of international students surpassed 1,000; by 2015, the number had increased to 4,000 international students. The Office of International Services reports that in 2021, there were approximately 6,000 international students at NC State. Primary Source References North Carolina State University, University Archives Reference Collection, University Buildings, Sites, Landmarks Files, UA 050.004, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, Division of Student Affairs, Student Organization Resource Center Records, UA 016.059, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, Division of Student Affairs, Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs Records, UA 016.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, Division of Student Affairs, Student Organization Resource Center Records, UA 016.059, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1.N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries Secondary Source References Bound, John; Braga, Breno; Khanna, Gaurav; Turner, Sarah. “The Globalization of Postsecondary Education: The Role of International Students in the US Higher Education System.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 35, no. 1. (Winter 2021): 163-184. DOI: 10.1257/jep.35.1.163. Mukherjee, Mousumi. “US Study Abroad from the Periphery to the Center of the Global Curriculum in the Information Age.” Policy Futures in Education 10, no. 1 (March 2012): 81–89. https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2012.10.1.81. NC State University. “Facts and Figures.” Study Abroad. Accessed May 9, 2021. https://studyabroad.ncsu.edu/about/facts-figures/#:~:text=The%20number%20of%20NC%20State,State%20undergraduate%20students%20study%20abroad. NC State University. “Village Options.” Living Learning Initiatives. Accessed May 9, 2021. https://villages.dasa.ncsu.edu/village-options/ NC State University Libraries. “Enrollment and Tuition.” Historical State Timelines. Accessed May 9, 2021. https://historicalstate.lib.ncsu.edu/timelines/enrollment-and-tuition NC State University Libraries. “Asian American Community.” Historical State Timelines. Accessed May 9, 2021. https://historicalstate.lib.ncsu.edu/timelines/asian-american-community Reagan, Alice E. North Carolina State University, a Narrative History. Raleigh: North Carolina State University Foundation and North Carolina State University Alumni Association, 1987.
By June of 1964, a new building graced North Carolina State University’s skyline: the nine-story “Dorm ’62,” which the school renamed “Lee Hall” a year later. The building, located on Central Campus west of Bragaw Hall, was the first high-rise dormitory at State. In 1970 it became another first: the first all-men’s dorm to open some floors to women. When Chancellor John Caldwell announced construction of Lee Hall in 1961, the campus was “‘700 to 1,000 beds shy’ of meeting its present housing needs,” as an official told the News and Observer (N&O). At eighty-five feet high, Lee could house 840 students, according to a 1965 Statelog. That year, NC State’s Committee on Institutional History and Naming of Buildings proposed dedicating “Dorm ‘62” to Major General William Carey Lee (1895-1948), an alumnus and former instructor in Military Science (according to Alumni Affairs Director H.W. Taylor). Lee gained fame “organizing and establishing the Airborne Command,” according to his 1944 Distinguished Service Medal Citation. He trained the parachuting 101st Airborne Division to invade Normandy on D-Day in 1944, using what the citation called “exceptional ability, force of character, and the will to get the job done.” In 1945, the same year Lee received an NC State honorary degree, fifty-eight “coeds” (the twentieth-century term for women attending coeducational institutions, as researcher Lynn Peril explained) enrolled in the school. There were 200 women students by 1962, (2.86% of the student population, according to a Historical State timeline). But women alumnae recalled in oral histories that they felt, as Linda Jewell said, like an “odd duck.” “There were certainly assumptions that you were not going to make it,” she explained, and that “if you did that you were somehow not feminine.” Sally Schauman reported her School of Design dean, Henry Kamphoefner, “didn’t believe that design students should be two kinds. They shouldn’t be men who joined fraternities or women period.” The rules restricting how women used campus space further alienated them from men colleagues. According to the 1967 Resident Women’s Handbook and a ballot referendum, women undergraduate students had to be in their Watauga Hall dorm by midnight or get parental permission to spend the night off campus. Men could visit only the building’s public area, except during “Open Houses” that married non-students monitored. Male students did not have such rules, according to a 1970 notice by the Raleigh Women’s Liberation Group (RWLG). Historian Amy Thompson McCandless reported that at many Southern schools, “special curfews, dress regulations, social organizations, and campus activities all made sure that Southern women remained ladies. And ladies, of course, were docile and dependent.” At NC State, male students also denied women their right to private space. Starting in 1955, The Technician consistently reported that men discussed invading women’s dorms during “panty raids.” In 1965, at least 900 men nearly broke into the 90-woman Watauga Hall, crying “we want lace—we want panties,” according to The Technician. They only stopped because men already visiting inside blocked the entrance. But by 1970, the number of women students, an activist culture, and the lessons of housing women far from men increased the boundaries of female space on campus—including in Lee Hall. The Director of Student Housing reported there were 1,650 women students in 1968, enough that Dean of Student Affairs Banks Talley Jr. said, “there is no doubt we can use additional space for women for the 1970-1971 academic year.” Campus activism also affected administrators’ feelings about housing women near men. A student referendum appeared on Chancellor Caldwell’s desk during the 1969-1970 school year, a few months after students protested working conditions for facilities workers and cancelled classes for a student-faculty “Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam.” The referendum noted, “we should not be forced to live in this artificial environment” of dorms separated by gender. In 1970, Talley agreed: in a proposal, he lambasted the “outmoded and archaic notion that we must confine our women students to one area of campus.” Furthermore, all-women dormitories near several all-men dormitories had proven “beneficial to the atmosphere of the residential area” from 1968-1970, whereas distant all-women’s dorms (like Watauga) resulted in “misunderstandings and ill feelings.” Therefore, on February 11, 1970, Chancellor Caldwell opened the formerly all-men Lee Hall to women. Male undergraduates would live on the bottom six floors, male and female graduate students would live on the seventh floor, and female undergraduates took the top two floors. “State girls are not exactly standing in line to live in the co-ed dorm,” The Technician reported a month after the decree. Some women disliked the building’s distance from academic facilities and the potential need to “look decent” inside. In the fall, the paper also noted some parents objected to their daughters living so close to men. Although one woman resident feared “peeping Toms,” other women told The Technician “the guys are working with us” and were “really polite.” By 1974, the Department of Residence Life proposed turning Metcalf and Sullivan Halls into “co-residential” buildings housing “both men and women students” and they opened suites on Lee’s ninth floor to men (according to correspondence and articles). Popular demand drove other new freedoms: The Technician reported Cathy Sterling, the first woman to be the university’s student body president, tried to make the university system let students decide visitation policies in 1970. Talley abolished curfews in 1971. Women students still perceived different treatment than men students. Women told The Technician in 1971 that some professors refused to give “coeds” anything better than a “C,” while other professors awarded automatic A’s. In 1970, the RWLG complained NC State’s infirmary refused to perform gynecological tests or discuss reproductive health. Five hundred boys led a “panty raid” on March 26, 1987, according to The Technician. Caldwell’s “co-educational halls,” however, convinced more men and women residents that women could and should move freely around campus. “Males who lived in coed arrangements were more likely to become more appreciative of female individuality and independence,” 1975 NC State Student Affairs researchers found. Student Valerie Forvendal told The Technician in 1971 that she “had more freedoms…than at an all girl’s school.” Alongside announcements of Sex Awareness Discussions, intramural sports, and air hockey tournaments, a 1974 Lee Hall newsletter about housing crowed, “each of the students gave [sic] proven that the alternate suites can work.” In 2021, almost all traditional hall-style dormitories were, as University Housing described on its website, “co-ed but divided into sections by gender.” Gold and Welch Halls were “all-male” and “all-female,” respectively, and suite-style dormitories were “gender-specific” by suite. But according to Section 700.8.1 of the University of North Carolina System’s Policy Manual, NC State “shall not assign members of the opposite sex to any institutionally owned and operated dormitory room, dormitory suite, or campus apartment.” Jess Errico, NC State’s 2019 Student Body President, explained to The Technician that the policy prevented “students from sharing housing if how they identify is different from what might be present on their birth certificate or what they are identified as legally.” Although University Housing encouraged transgender students to reach out for help finding “LGBT-affirming roommates” in The Technician article, columnist Zack Jenio pointed out a month later that the policy “creates unsafe and unaccommodating situations for students who are part of the transgender and non-binary communities.” Jenio asked, “why does the UNC System preach that diversity is crucial in education when they blatantly ignore the needs of inclusivity for marginalized groups such as the trans and non-binary communities?”—reflecting the activism that brought more freedom to campus space for women at the beginning of the 1970s. Bibliography: Original Source References Board Meeting Minutes, January 17, 1966, North Carolina State University, Student and Other Organizations, State's Mates Records, UA 021.501, Special Collections Research Center, North Carolina State University Libraries. https://soh.omeka.chass.ncsu.edu/items/show/495. Clark, Becki. “Girls Cool to Coed Dormitories.” The Technician (Raleigh, NC) March 23, 1970. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v54n61-1970-03-23. Council, Meredith. "States Mates Have Fun While Men Study." The Raleigh Times (Raleigh, NC) ca. 1960-1961. North Carolina State University, Student and Other Organizations, State's Mates Records, UA 021.501, Special Collections Research Center, North Carolina State University Libraries. https://soh.omeka.chass.ncsu.edu/items/show/81. Detwiler, Amber. “Law against gender-inclusive housing creates concern in campus community.” The Technician (Raleigh, NC), February 14, 2019. https://www.technicianonline.com/news/law-against-gender-inclusive-housing-creates-concern-in-campus-community/article_03781ce6-3002-11e9-8af5-dffa5181aa3a.html. Edens, Mike. “State Students March in Panty Raid against Watauga, then St. Mary’s.” The Technician (Raleigh, NC) November 18, 1964. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v49n29-1964-11-18. Haynes, Mike. “IRC Disagrees with Cathy Sterling on Recommended Open House Policy.” The Technician (Raleigh, NC), November 16, 1970. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v51n34-1970-11-16. Jackson, Jean. “Lee coed plan cut to 9th floor.” The Technician (Raleigh, NC), April 22, 1974. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v54n83-1974-04-22. Jenio, Zack. “OPINION: The UNC System’s housing policies contradict their claims of inclusivity.” The Technician (Raleigh, NC), March 25, 2019. https://www.technicianonline.com/opinion/opinion-the-unc-system-s-housing-policies-contradict-their-claims-ofinclusivity/article_6b73df7a-4681-11e9-8251-17fd7885763c.html. Jewell, Linda. Interview by Yona R. Owens, May 1, 2012. Transcript and recording, Lewis Clarke Oral Histories Project, MC 00191, North Carolina Special Collections Research Center. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/documents/scrc/lewisclarke/content/oh/docs/mc00191-oh-jewell-20120501-transcriptedited.pdf “Judicial Board Meets Policy on Panty Raid.” The Technician (Raleigh, NC) April 28, 1955. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v39n29-1955-04-28. Lowder, Wayne. “State Coeds Now Enjoy 5-1 Disadvantage.” The Technician (Raleigh, NC), February 10, 1971. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v51n57-1971-02-10. “Nine-Story Dorm Planned at State College.” News and Observer (Raleigh, NC). September 15, 1961. https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/652156261/. North Carolina State University, Committees, Institutional History and Commemoration Committee Records, UA 022.009, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University, Office of the Chancellor, John Tyler Caldwell Records, UA 002.001.004, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University, University Archives Reference Collection, Biographical Files, UA 050.003, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University, University Archives Reference Collection, University Buildings, Sites, Landmarks Files, UA 050.004, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University, Division of Student Affairs, Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs Records, UA 016.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. “The Philosophy of a Panty Raid.” The Technician (Raleigh, NC), November 18, 1964, https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v49n29-1964-11-18. Rowell, Suzanne. “Co-ed hours to be extended.” The Technician (Raleigh, NC), September 8, 1971. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v52n5-1971-09-08. Schauman, Sally. Interview by Yona R. Owens, November 12, 2008. Transcript and recording, Lewis Clarke Oral Histories Project, MC 00191, North Carolina Special Collections Research Center. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/documents/scrc/lewisclarke/content/oh/docs/schauman_sally_transcript.pdf Shepherd, Trudy. “Co-educational Hall Living Brings Positive Reaction from Students.” The Technician (Raleigh, NC), September 9, 1970. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v55n5-1970-09-09. Statelog, "Domestic Trend on College Campus," December 1, 1955, North Carolina State University, Student and Other Organizations, State's Mates Records, UA 021.501, Special Collections Research Center, North Carolina State University Libraries. https://soh.omeka.chass.ncsu.edu/items/show/89. State's Mates, "Annual Report, State's Mates Club, 1967-1968," North Carolina State University, Student and Other Organizations, State's Mates Records, UA 021.501, Special Collections Research Center, North Carolina State University Libraries. https://soh.omeka.chass.ncsu.edu/items/show/332. Sullivan, Meg. “Students Pay Poulton a Late-Night Visit.” The Technician (Raleigh, NC), March 30, 1987. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v68n71-1987-03-30. University Housing. “Residence Hall Options.” NC State University. Accessed May 14, 2021. https://housing.dasa.ncsu.edu/find-a-community/residence-hall-options/. University of North Carolina System. UNC Policy Manual and Code. UNC Board of Governors. Policy 700.8.1. Chapel Hill: UNC, 2013. Online, https://www.northcarolina.edu/apps/policy/doc.php?id=854 (Accessed May 15, 2021). Secondary Source References Dorin-Black, Cathy. “Fabulous 50: Lee Hall Becomes First Co-Ed Dorm.” NC State University Libraries – Special Collections (blog). January 5, 2021. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/news/special-collections/fabulous-50-lee-hall-becomes-first-co-ed-dorm Kosmerick, Todd. “African-American Protests, Spring 1969 (Part 1).” NC State University Libraries – Special Collections (blog). March 15, 2019. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/news/special-collections/african-american-protests-spring-1969-part-1. McCandless, Amy Thompson. The Past in the Present: Women's Higher Education in the Twentieth-Century American South. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999. Murray, Kelly and Genya O’ Gara. “The Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam.” NC State University Libraries – Special Collections (blog). June 23, 2011. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/news/special-collections/the-moratorium-to-end-the-war-in-vietnam Peeler, Tim. “Rendezvous with History.” June 5, 2019. https://news.ncsu.edu/2019/06/rendezvous-with-history/ Peril, Lynn. College Girls: Bluestockings, Sex Kittens, and Coeds, Then and Now. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co, 2006. Special Collections Research Center. “Enrollment and Tuition.” Historical State Timelines. Accessed May 13, 2021. https://historicalstate.lib.ncsu.edu/timelines/enrollment-and-tuition. University Architect, Office of the. “Lee Residence Hall (087).” Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina State University, 2021. Emailed to author, 11 May, 2021.
Greek Village is located on South Campus, between North Campus and Centennial Campus. It is approximately 50 acres of land owned by the University for use by Greek Life organizations on campus. Construction on Greek Village began in 2011, a massive rebuilding project of what was formerly Greek Court. The development of Greek Village is divided into five phases and each phase includes a certain number of houses being demolished and rebuilt. According to NC State’s Fraternity and Sorority webpage, as of 2021, there are 19 of a total 21 planned sorority and fraternity houses built. The land is owned by the University and leased to the organizations, while all new houses which are built are owned by the Greek organizations themselves. The University continues to own and operate several houses in Greek Village. The project was first discussed in 2005, by a small ad hoc group of Greek Life staff and alumni, as indicated by the 2005-2006 Department of Greek Life Report. In March 2006, Chancellor James L. Oblinger appointed sixteen members to an official task force to redevelop Greek court. To these sixteen appointees Oblinger explained the commitment of the University to the project in a March 16, 2006 letter, writing, “Greek letter organizations have been an integral part of student life at NC State University for more than 100 years... The University is committed to our fraternities and sororities, and wants to continue to provide strong support to those groups.” The group was tasked with investigating a land-lease system which would allow chapters to build their own houses on university property as well as urging them to “utilize the principles from the University Physical Master Plan.” The “Final Report & Recommendations” made by the Greek Court Redevelopment Task Force stated that one of the reasons the school was supporting the redevelopment of Greek Court into Greek Village includes that “Alumni/ae of these organizations are active supporters of the University providing significant financial support to our institution.” Other reasons included Greek organizations leading to greater retention and graduation rates for students. NC State’s Fraternity and Sorority Life webpage states on their “Fast Facts” page that in 1895, Sigma Nu became the first Fraternity at NC State. “A Brief History of Fraternity Housing at State College,” located in the Interfraternity Council Records, explains that NC State and Greek life housing were connected as early as the 1900’s, and says some fraternities lived in dormitory suites. Alice Regan’s North Carolina State University: A Narrative History states that between 1904 and 1922 all fraternities lived on campus. Additionally, she writes that NC State did not formally acknowledge fraternal organizations until 1904, and did so only on the condition they adhere to school rules and NC State’s “military discipline.” Architectural historian Carla Yanni explained in Living on Campus: An Architectural History of the American Dormitory, that while the very first fraternities were simply social organizations, by the 1920s fraternities across the country were housing organizations as well. This is true of fraternities at NC State as well. “A Brief History of Fraternity Housing at State,” reports that by 1923 fraternities were all encouraged to provide their own housing, as dormitory space became sparse. By 1939, reports were being made that fraternity houses were unsafe living conditions. These complaints continued in the 1940s, citing poor plumbing, fire hazards, and inadequate kitchens. In 1963 the University began construction on Greek Court, what is today Greek Village. According to a 1963 Raleigh Times article, the plan to build University run Greek housing began in 1954. A 1960 Raleigh Times article explained that the school secured a $1,800,000 loan from the Communities Facilities Organization, a government agency. The school made sure to point out however, that taxpayers would not be footing the bill for these houses. The fraternities themselves would gradually pay off the loans by collecting rent. In addition to health and safety concerns, the University wanted to move fraternities to a central location which would better connect them to campus. The first Sorority house was added to Greek court in 1976. While African American Greek life began on campus in 1971, and the Multicultural Greek Council in the late 1990s) only historically white Greek organizations had houses on Greek Court. According to the Department of Student Development Records, by 1965, NC State ensured no Greek life organizations had discriminatory policies. However, according to Professor of Communications Alan D. DeSantis, even into the 2020s Greek life across the country remains largely de facto segregated. In The Wiley Handbook of Gender Equity in Higher Education DeSantis writes, “[A] great number of [Greek organizations], especially the older, more conservative ones, and many chapters on campuses in the Deep South, have remained de facto segregated clubs, attracting and blandishing White, Christian, heterosexual, wealthy students into their fold.” Between 2000 and 2005 major renovations began on the Greek Court properties, attempting to bring them up to new fire-codes and improve the deteriorating facilities. There were constant complaints from students about the lack of proper housing. A major issue was the cost of living in the dilapidated houses. Despite the state of the buildings, most residents were paying more than students would pay elsewhere for on campus housing, due to the fact that many chapters had an increasing number of vacancies in the house. Vacancies were not, however, the only issues facing Greek Court on the eve of Greek Village renovations, as a Technician article from July, 2005, titled “Greek budget suffers,” opened by explaining, “Hazings, suspensions, vacancies and renovations cast a shadow over the Greek Life budget for the 2005-2006.” There are many examples of incidents of hazing, racism, and sexual assault connected to Greek organizations, predominatly to historically white fraternities, at NC State, which includes many who have houses in Greek Village. Major cases include the 2015 suspension of the fraternity Pi Kappa Phi, which a Technician article from March 2015, explains was due to a pledge book which contained violent language, such as rape and lynching. Pi Kappa Phi was reinstated in fall 2018. According to the “Timeline” webpage on NC State's Fraternity and Sorority Life website, Pi Kappa Phi had a house on Greek Court which was demolished in 2014, and there are plans to build their new house in phase four of Greek Village redevelopment, between 2021 and 2024. The final court, which will be finished in 2028, will also include two townhomes and an apartment building. The “Final Report & Recommendations” specifically lists that townhouses will provide housing for “small chapters and groups who cannot afford to construct their own facility.” The report states this will be an option for African American fraternities and sororities and multicultural fraternities and sororities, which tend to be smaller and younger than the historically white Greek organizations. As of 2021, all the houses built in Greek Village have been built by historically white Greek organizations. Original Source References Oblinger, James L. James L. Oblinger to Greek Court Redevelopment Task Force March 28, 2006. Letter. https://fsl.dasa.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/appointment.pdf North Carolina State University, Division of Student Affairs, Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs Records, UA 016.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, Division of Student Affairs Annual Reports, UA 016.002, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, Division of Student Affairs, Department of Student Development Records, UA 016.034, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, Student and Other Organizations, Interfraternity Council Records, UA 021.468, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1.N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. Secondary Source References DeSantis, Alan D. “This Is Not Your Parents’ Greek Life: Trends in the Ongoing Evolution of Fraternities and Sororities.” The Wiley Handbook of Gender Equity in Higher Education. United Kingdom: Wiley, 2020. Gillon, K.E., Beatty, C.C. and Salinas, C., Jr. (2019), Race and Racism in Fraternity and Sorority Life: A Historical Overview. Student Services, 2019: 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20289 Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz. Campus Life: Undergraduate Cultures from the End of the Eighteenth Century to the Present. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. Luckadoo, Timothy R, John Mountz, Shelly Brown Dobek. “Final Report & Recommendations: Greek Court Redevelopment Task Force.” NC State University. October 2006. https://fsl.dasa.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/taskforcereport.pdf NC State University. “Fast Facts.” NC State Fraternity and Sorority Life. Accessed April 22, 2020. https://fsl.dasa.ncsu.edu/about-our-community/https-fsl-dasa-ncsu-edu-fastfacts/ NC State University. “Greek Village Project.” NC State Fraternity and Sorority Life. Accessed April 22, 2020. https://fsl.dasa.ncsu.edu/greek-village-project/ NC State University. “Greek Village Timeline.” NC State Fraternity and Sorority Life. Accessed April 22, 2020. https://fsl.dasa.ncsu.edu/greek-village-project/timeline/ NC State Phi Kappa Phi. “NC State Phi Kappa Phi.” Accessed April 22, 2020. https://www.ncstatepikapp.org/ “NC State, Pi Kappa Phi decry 'unacceptable and offensive' book.” WRAL. Updated July 13, 2018. https://www.wral.com/nc-state-fraternity-placed-on-interim-suspension-after-embarrassing-scary-book-found/14528066/ “Pi Kappa Phi fraternity disbanded at NC State.” ABC11. March 26, 2015. https://abc11.com/pi-kappa-phi-fraternity-pledge-book-nc-state/572764/ Reagan, Alice E. North Carolina State University, a Narrative History. Raleigh: North Carolina State University Foundation and North Carolina State University Alumni Association, 1987. Yanni, Carla. Living on Campus: An Architectural History of the American Dormitory. 2019. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=2083457.
North Carolina State University named Winslow Hall, along Pullen Road on the university’s North Campus, for Arthur Winslow, a surveyor who lobbied North Carolina’s General Assembly to establish the school in 1887. But the Hall was also the site of two notable women in the university’s history. Susan Carroll (1849-1901), the college’s first matron, and Ellen “Ella” McGuire (1861-1946), a nurse, cook, and laundry worker, called the 1897 building their workplace. Both showed strength and resourcefulness in response to the school’s poor employment practices, but students who memorialized the women used gender and racial stereotypes that downplayed their fortitude. During Carroll’s and McGuire’s times, the building was the school’s infirmary (although McGuire started working there after Carroll’s death). Everything from smallpox inoculations to appendix operations occurred within its walls until 1943, according to President’s Reports. The Bureau of Mines inhabited it 1943-1956, and the Alumni Association headquartered there 1956-2006. Since 2021, Winslow Hall has held administrative offices. The Board of Trustees elected Susan Carroll college matron in 1889, before there was even an infirmary. Her duties, they wrote in meeting minutes, involved “care of the dining and bed rooms, linen.” Carroll was used to overseeing household tasks; “keeping house” was her occupation on both the 1870 Federal Census when she lived with her parents in Turkey Creek, NC and on the 1880 Federal Census as a married thirty-year-old in Magnolia, NC. It is unlikely, however, that she labored physically: her father owned nine human beings according to an 1860 US Slave Schedule, and her husband employed a thirteen-year-old Black servant in 1880. Carroll was not used to overseeing infirmaries, as Chancellor John Caldwell later noted in a tribute, but the Board of Trustees granted her charge of the new hospital anyway in 1899. She succeeded, for alumni honored her with a plaque, according to a 1902 North Carolinian. Morning Post (MP) reported the school cancelled classes the day after she died, and the Buildings and Grounds Committee renamed the infirmary after her in 1940. In all their tributes, students and newspapers primarily honored Carroll’s nurturing. The 1903 Agromeck reminisced that she comforted homesick students, while a 1902 Red and White, a 1918 Alumni News, and the 1904 Agromeck, all called her “motherly.” That “devotion” to the all-male student body gave her “womanly charm,” according to her MP obituary. Students also remarked on Carroll’s Christianity, recalling in the 1903 Agromeck how she told sick students to trust God. The male reporters portrayed Carroll in the same way the media and leading thinkers of the nineteenth century venerated women for piety and domesticity. As historian Barbara Welter argued, “women were expected to dispense comfort and cheer” as wives and mothers in order to achieve “True Womanhood.” Memorializing Carroll as their devoted, Christian, comforter helped the students and media excuse some of Carroll’s less “True Womanhood-like” qualities: the 1903 Agromeck admitted she looked “rugged” and her speech was “blunt,” while MP said she had “a strong personality.” No students mentioned that Carroll’s strong personality was probably necessary after her husband’s death in 1884, according to an obituary. She may have entered NC State’s workforce, then, to support her eleven-year-old son. But the school wanted her to be a mother only metaphorically. Minutes show the Board of Trustees were reluctant to allow her son to stay with her, charging him board and ruling he must leave after one year. Carroll circumnavigated rules by enrolling him in the school at fourteen, according to the 1894 Academic Catalog. She used the same resourcefulness to help students get jobs and financial loans, as the Red and White and Caldwell recalled. Alumni repaid her with a plaque calling her “a student’s friend,” although it hardly acknowledged her logistical skills. Students also reduced Ellen McGuire to a caricature, but racism influenced their descriptions as much as her gender. Technician articles from 1925 and 1939 noted she had been the school’s seamstress, laundress, and cook since its opening. However, the reporters forgot to mention the 1922 city directory called McGuire a nurse. Even worse, Technician reporters referred to McGuire as “Aunt Ella,” and made the “horrible editorial decision to depict her voice in a demeaning dialect,” as University Archivist Todd Kosmerick noted in a blog post about the 1925 article. Technician staff praised her for a “cheerful disposition,” for “faithfulness,” and for “being willing to do anything for the boys.” Their word choice evoked what American Studies scholar Kimberly Wallace-Sanders called the “standard” image of the Black “mammy:” a “jolly presence” speaking “ungrammatical ‘plantation dialect’” whose “devotion to her white family reflects her racial inferiority.” In the 1910s and 1920s there was a “surge in popularity in faithful slave narratives,” noted historian Micki McElya, including stories with mammies. She argued narrative techniques like those the students used exposed Southern nostalgia for the legally sanctioned white supremacy on antebellum plantations. McGuire, however, was an entrepreneur and community member, not anybody’s “mammy.” The Technician cheerfully reported McGuire hand-laundered clothes for twenty-six students a week. They did not explain the income supplemented her poor pay as “hospital washer and cook.” In their May 1909 minutes, the Board of Trustees appropriated $72 and board for her annual wage--$228 less than they appropriated for the white hospital matron and $110 less than the poorest Black laundresses made in the 1900s, according to historians Lorenzo Greene and Carter G. Woodson. Reporters did not mention McGuire was a landlord. From 1929-1936, she rented out the house she and her husband lived in before he died in 1906, according to cemetery records and realty company receipts. A 1930 building permit demonstrated she earned enough to build a second home. McGuire was a longtime member of Oberlin Village, a neighborhood where African Americans owned land since the 1870s, according to architectural historian M. Ruth Little. Although Technician reporters said she “had no plans for the future” in 1925, report cards, envelopes, and receipts show she was simultaneously active in Oberlin School, Oberlin Baptist Church, and The Daughters of Oberlin lodge. She also corresponded regularly with her son, a New York City-based World War I veteran. Winslow Hall holds important stories about women’s labor—and the silence around women’s struggles and successes. Bibliography: Original Source References 1860 United States Slave Schedule, Turkey District, Sampson County, North Carolina, digital image s.v. "John Colwell," FamilySearch.org. 1870 United States Census, Turkey Township, Sampson County, North Carolina, digital image s.v. "Susan Colwell," FamilySearch.org. 1880 United States Census, Town of Magnolia, Duplin County, North Carolina, digital image s.v. "Susan Colwell," FamilySearch.org. “Aunt Ellen McGuire Saw College Begin.” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.), September 29, 1939. Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v20n3f-1939-09-29. “Colonel J.C.L. Harris.” Alumni News (Raleigh, N.C.), April 1, 1918. North Carolina State University, Office of Alumni Relations Publications (UA010.200), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua010_200-001-bx0012-v1-006. “Death of Mrs. Sue Carroll.” Morning Post (Raleigh, N.C.), September 7, 1901. https://newscomnc.newspapers.com/image/58167949. “Editorial.” Red and White 3, no. 3 (January 1902): 6. Red and White (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 R4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/LH1-N6-R4-v3n3. “Have You Ever Met Aunt Ella McGuire?” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.), November 6, 1925. Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v6n9-1925-11-06. Hill Directory Co., comp. Hill Directory Co.'s (Incorporated) Raleigh, N.C. City Directory. Richmond, VA: Hill Directory Co., 1922. https://lib.digitalnc.org/record/25780?ln=en North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Agromeck. Raleigh, NC: 1903. North Carolina State University, Agromeck (LD3928 .N75), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries, https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/agromeck1903nort. North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Agromeck. Raleigh, NC: 1904. North Carolina State University, Agromeck (LD3928 .N75), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries, https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/agromeck1904nort. North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Sixth Annual Catalogue. Raleigh, NC: 1894. North Carolina State University. Undergraduate catalog (LD3928 .A22), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/LD3928-A22-1894-1895. North Carolina State University, Board of Trustees Meeting Minutes, UA 001.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University, Committees, Physical Environment Committee Records, UA 022.008, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University, Office of the Chancellor Annual Reports, UA 002.002, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University, Office of Finance and Administration, Facilities Division, Construction Services Records, UA 003.004, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University, Office of Public Affairs Records, UA 014.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University, University Archives Reference Collection, University Buildings, Sites, Landmarks Files, UA 050.004, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. "North Carolina Certificate of Death," s.v. "John McGuire" (1887-1953), FamilySearch.org PC.2061, Samuel Patrick and Ella McGuire Family Papers, State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh, NC, USA. “Students Honor Her Memory.” North Carolinian (Raleigh, N.C.), September 4, 1902. https://newscomnc.newspapers.com/image/57858204. Secondary Reference Sources Greene, Lorenzo Johnston, and Carter Godwin Woodson. The Negro Wage Earner. Washington, D.C.: The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, Inc., 1930. Kosmerick, Todd. “Honoring the Caregivers of the 1918 Flu Pandemic, Part 1.” Libraries News – Special Collections. April 10, 2020. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/news/special-collections/honoring-caregivers-1918-flu-pandemic-part-1. Little, M. Ruth. “History of Oberlin Village.” Friends of Oberlin Village. May 2012. https://legacy.friendsofoberlinvillage.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/History-of-Oberlin-Village.pdf McElya, Micki. Clinging to Mammy: The Faithful Slave in Twentieth-Century America. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2007. University Architect, Office of the. “Winslow Hall (Active Building).” Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina State University, 2021. Emailed to author, 9 April, 2021. University Architect, Office of the. “Winslow Hall (004).” Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina State University, 2021. Emailed to author, 9 April, 2021. Wallace-Sanders, Kimberly. Mammy: A Century of Race, Gender, and Southern Memory. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008. Welter, Barbara. "The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860." American Quarterly 18, no. 2 (1966): 151-174.
“On first sight, Harrelson Hall looks as if it was designed to be dunked in the Union coffee or to be used as a giant tractor tire,” wrote Technician reporter Max Hurlocker in 1967. When Harrelson Hall was built in 1961, it was the first cylindrical building on a college campus. Once a prominent feature of the brickyard, directly across from D.H. Hill library between Polk and Williams Hall, Harrelson Hall was demolished in 2016 and replaced by grassy landscaping. Harrelson Hall is named after John W. Harrelson, former Chancellor of the University and the first alumnus to serve in the position. Harrelson served from 1934-1953, and upon his death in 1955, Harrelson left the school an endowment of more than $100,000. When Harrelson was first appointed his title was “Dean of Administration.” It was changed to Chancellor in 1945. According to Alice Regan, in “North Carolina State University: A Narrative History,” Harrelson’s early leadership was seen by students as paternalistic and students compared school rules such as strict attendance policies to those of high schools or the military. This tension was mitigated after 1939 with the appointment of a faculty-student committee. Harrelson also proved he was willing to stick up for students’ freedom of expression in the months before the United States entered World War II. Despite anger aimed towards students proposing “America First” policies, Harrelson defended students' right to freedom of expression within the student newspaper, the Technician. During Harrelson’s tenure the School of Forestry and the School of Design were established. Harrelson recruited Henry L. Kamphoefner to be the first dean of the school of design. Kamphoefner hired Professors James W. Fitzgibbon, Duncan Stuart, Edward Waugh, and George Matsumoto. Letters held in NC State’s Special Collections show that Chancellor Harrelson questioned their political loyalty, worrying that they might have political beliefs which aligned with communism. A letter from Bruce Goff, Chairman of the School of Architecture at the University of Oklahoma, assured Harrelson that none of the professors had ever belonged to a “subversive group.” These letters, written in 1948, are related to a growing fear of Communists in the United States. During this time, academics were especially susceptible to being accused of communism, due to an association many made between academics and left-wing politics. Harrelson Hall’s unique circular design was created by architect Edward Waugh, faculty at NC State while the working drawings were made by the architectural firm Hollaway-Reeves. One of the several myths surrounding Harrelson Hall was that a disgruntled architecture student submitted a failed design to the University out of spite. Far from being a vindictive design, Harrelson Hall was meant to tackle all manner of modern problems on the growing campus. The cylindrical shape was meant to maximize the building’s efficiency, using the least amount of materials for the largest possible space. The rounded classrooms with slanted floors were meant to facilitate large classroom sizes. Offices were located in the outer-ring while classrooms were located in the inner-ring. This meant the classrooms had no windows. This too was seen as a beneficial design aspect, due to the fact that the rooms would not require blackout curtains in order to utilize classroom technologies such as slides, movies, or televisions. While the building initially drew interest and accolades from various newspapers, as early as 1962, the Technician published an article announcing design students’ plans to boycott any classes they had in Harrelson Hall due to its design flaws, both structurally and aesthetically. It was known for being extremely difficult to navigate and students often found themselves getting lost in the circular hallways. An undated University pamphlet simply titled, “Harrelson Hall,” highlighted the modern design of the building, explaining that the ramps which “gracefully wrapped” the core of the building alongside the scissor staircases, which led to outer corridors, would facilitate “fast-moving pedestrian traffic.” As time went on students would complain about the incline on both the ramps and the stairs as being punishingly steep, making treks to class both exhausting and annoying. The core of Harrelson Hall contained all of the mechanical aspects of the building, including wiring, plumbing, and the hall’s heating and cooling systems. The heating and cooling systems were not nearly as functional as the designers hoped, and almost from the beginning were breaking down. One of the most cited complaints by students and faculty was the fact that Harrelson Hall was often either freezing cold, or sweltering hot. Years away from school did not seem to make students’ memories of the building fonder. A 1990 article published in the NC State Alumni Magazine called the building a “Carousel of Horrors.” Danny Peele, class of 1974, in an oral history interview conducted at the Wake County Alumni Society’s event, "Last Look at Harrelson Hall” held in 2015, remembered how the rounded shape of the classroom would cause an echo, meaning depending on where you sat in the longer classrooms, students would sometimes hear things two or three times. Laurie Mitchell, class of 2004, interviewed at the same event called Harrelson Hall a “dismal building,” and hoped NC State would never again build a circular classroom building. The ramp connecting the floors in Harrelson Hall, while derided for being an inefficient method for getting to class, offered students an opportunity for pranks and joyrides. Students reportedly would ride skateboards, rollerblades, shopping carts, or wheeled chairs down the ramp. Other antics include 2,012 bouncy balls being dropped down the Harrelson Hall ramps or a 1967 prank described in the Technician: “During exams a few years ago, a group of students saved their empties and placed beer cans and bottles completely around the top of the building.” In the early 2000s, the school looked into renovating Harrelson Hall, but soon found that it would have been too difficult and expensive to fix all of the building’s problems. In addition to constant problems with the building’s heating and cooling systems, it had low ceilings creating a bad line of sight for students, and due to its sloping floors was not compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The North Carolina General Assembly approved Harrelson’s demolition in 2011. The building was not immediately demolished however due to the school’s continued need for space as renovations went on around campus. When demolition began in the summer of 2016, NC State’s Sustainability Program saw that more than 90% of the building was recycled or reused. Items such as chairs, whiteboards, fire alarms were sold by Habitat for Humanity.The fire department took items like doors and hinges to help train firefighters to break down heavy doors. Limestone, once part of Harrelson Hall’s facade, was incorporated into the landscaping which replaced it. Original Source References Alvin Marcus Fountain Papers, MC 00007, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center JessC. Comment on “Harrelson Hall.” Foursquare City Guide. https://foursquare.com/v/harrelson-hall/4afc9b57f964a5205b2422e3 John William Harrelson Papers, MC 00001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center Mitchell, Laurie. Wolf Tales recording with Laurie Mitchell: Wake County Alumni Society "Last Look at Harrelson Hall," 30 October 2015. Mc00581-wt-mitchell-20151030, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/mc00581-wt-mitchell-20151030 North Carolina State University, University Archives Reference Collection, University Buildings, Sites, Landmarks Files, UA 050.004, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, Office of Finance and Administration, Associate Vice Chancellor for Facilities Records, UA 003.005, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, College of Design, Office of the Dean Records, UA 110.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, Office of the Chancellor, John Tyler Caldwell Records, UA 002.001.004, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center Peele, Danny. Wolf Tales recording with Danny Peele: Wake County Alumni Society "Last Look at Harrelson Hall," 30 October 2015. Mc00581-wt-peele-20151030, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/mc00581-wt-peele-20151030 Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1.N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. thewilddeeper. “Tribute to Harrelson Hall: Bizarre Cylindrical Classroom Building at NCSU.” YouTube. Jan 9, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oE3WRCN_oYE Williams, Matthew. “Wolf Tales recording with Matthew Williams: Wake County Alumni Society ‘Last Look at Harrelson Hall,’" 30 October 2015. Mc00581-wt-williams-20151030, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/mc00581-wt-williams-20151030 Secondary Source References Cioffi, Chris. “Harrelson Hall demolition begins on NC State University campus.” The News & Observer, (Raleigh, NC), May 16, 2016. https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/education/article77967567.html Cioffi, Chris. “NC State’s Harrelson Hall is gone, but its pieces live on.” The News & Observer, (Raleigh, NC), March 3, 2017. https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/counties/wake-county/article136218298.html Ferris, Virginia. “Remembering Harrelson Hall.” NC State University Libraries. July 25, 2016. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/news/special-collections/remembering-harrelson-hall “Harrelson Hall.” Oak City Preservation Alliance. Accessed on March 14, 2021. http://www.oakcitypa.org/harrelson-hall “Harrelson Hall Renovation and Replacement Study Draft.” NC State Facilities. September 26, 2003. https://facilities.ofa.ncsu.edu/files/2015/04/Harrelson-Hall-Study-2003.pdf “Here’s to Harrelson.” NC State News. July 11, 2016. https://news.ncsu.edu/2016/07/heres-to-harrelson/#:~:text=What%20emerged%20in%201962%20%2C%20at,building%20on%20a%20college%20campus. Kosmerik, Todd. “Harrelson Hall at the Beginning.” NC State University Libraries. August 15, 2016. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/news/special-collections/harrelson-hall-at-the-beginning Peeler, Tim. “Harrelson Hall Reclaimed.” NC State University News. August 15, 2015. https://news.ncsu.edu/2015/08/harrelson-hall-reclaimed/ Reagan, Alice E. North Carolina State University, a Narrative History. Raleigh: North Carolina State University Foundation and North Carolina State University Alumni Association, 1987. Schrecker, Ellen. No Ivory Tower: McCarthyism and the Universities. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Dan Allen Drive and Dan Allen Parking Deck
Dan Allen Drive borders important landmarks: Hillsborough Street, the Dan Allen Parking Deck, Witherspoon Student Center, Western Boulevard, and Greek Village. None of those buildings existed when Daniel Allen graduated from the college in 1896. Instead of a road name, Raleigh knew Daniel “Dan” Allen as a businessman and philanthropist as well as a proponent of white supremacy and segregationist housing policies. The school did not purchase the land under Dan Allen Parking Deck until 1987. That land was part of “House Creek district” in 1871, where Wake County’s fourth-highest population of African Americans lived according to a map by Fendol Bevers. The statistic eventually included Dr. Thomas Love, who purchased the lot in 1888. Part of the first generation in his family who learned to read according to the 1900 Census, Love and his brother opened Love’s Drug Store by 1910. They dispensed medical advice, along with tickets to local events the city forbade African Americans from buying elsewhere, according to N&O. In 1903, Love sold the land to his sister, Maggie, and her husband, physician Dr. Lovelace Capehart. George and Susan Capehart enslaved Lovelace as an infant in Bertie County, North Carolina, according to their list of enslaved people; Arthur Caldwell’s History of the American Negro and his Institutions reported that after the Civil War, no one advised Lovelace about receiving an education. Nevertheless, he earned law and medical degrees, which helped him nourish Raleigh's African American community as a physician and Shaw University professor. The N&O reported Maggie became an activist in 1939, when she and neighbors sued to stop the city from expropriating her next home on Smith Street. By 1934, the areas south and east of Capehart’s former property did belong to NC State, and a highway engineering professor said in a letter he sought “an underpass [under the train tracks] connecting the north and south sides of the State College campus.” A year later, the Civil Engineering Department prepared a map showing a “proposed road” to connect Hillsborough (called “Hillosboro” before 1965) and Western streets. The Buildings and Grounds Committee did not act on the proposal until after the Public Works Administration and other New Deal programs, all federal Great Depression-era stimulus efforts, funded construction of more than twelve campus buildings. Buildings like Alexander Residence Hall and the Textile Building (now Nelson Hall) spurred greater demand for roads at the campus' western edge. By 1940, the Buildings and Grounds Committee funded construction, explaining in November meeting minutes, “the Daniel Allen Road…is the road that connects the Western Boulevard with Dunn Avenue.” In 1949, the committee devoted $90,000 to an underpass, so that by 1952, Dan Allen Drive stretched from Hillsboro to Western. By 1962, Dan Allen Drive crossed Western into “Fraternity Housing,” according to campus maps. For the next 50 years, The Technician wrote that students hosted parades, parties, and even barefoot snow runs along Dan Allen. In 1968, Student Government paid attention too, successfully lobbying administration for streetlights. But Dan Allen Drive most often made the news because of its traffic. “Anyone who has tried to cross Dan Allen at peak hours can tell you that it’s safer to face a raid of Viet Cong,” a 1969 Technician article complained, using a reference to organized Vietnamese resistance to US Forces in the Vietnam-American War. By 1987, however, reporters asserted “pedestrians have, in a sense, taken over the road,” while cars had “to muddle through a stop sign, a speed bump, numerous crosswalks and too many turnoffs.” That caused “hellacious” traffic, according to one student in 2004, although the school eased gridlock with restricted access gates in 2013. Student publications rarely discussed the road’s namesake, Daniel Allen. The Buildings and Grounds Committee chose the name in 1940, according to a letter, after the governor ordered names for all university buildings. “The road [shall] be named Daniel Allen, Class of 1896, who died in 1929,” the committee wrote in correspondence. “He was a member of the Board of Trustees of the College.” NC State Alumni News and N&O reported Allen, born in 1875 in northern Wake County, was one of three brothers to graduate from the college. They founded a real estate company in the early 1900s, a time of middle-class expansion in Raleigh according to historian Joe Mobley. Dan Allen grew wealthy and prominent selling suburban homes; as a lifelong bachelor, he devoted his time and wealth to the boards of the State Hospital, State Fair, and NC State’s Alumni Association. In 1927, the college selected him for its Board of Trustees. However, a heart attack on Dec. 16, 1929 cut short Allen’s career and civic leadership. He died at 54.Six days later, the trustees wrote in N&O, “a spirit of fairness ran through his life in such a way that his friends were confined to no party, creed, or race.” Allen’s views on race were more complicated, however, as his active role in Raleigh’s White Supremacy Club demonstrates. On March 1, 1900, the Democratic Party chairman predicted in The Morganton Herald that white North Carolinians would form over 2,000 clubs that would “fully restore and make permanent in North Carolina the supremacy of the white race,” according to the state-wide organizational plan the Herald also published. Clubs from Asheville to Wilmington campaigned for a constitutional amendment, which scholar James Hunt said required a poll tax and literacy test for voters. The organizational plan said the amendment was “for the purpose of forever removing…the threat of negro ascendancy.” On July 25, Dan Allen signed “secretary” under the N&O announcement “presidents and secretaries of all the White Supremacy Clubs in the city...will please meet.” On amendment voting day, The Morning Post reported Allen rose at 5 a.m. to “care for the interests of Anglo-Saxon North Carolina.” Mobley noted “violence by…white supremacy organizations kept blacks away from the polls” that August 2. The amendment passed and “blacks in the South no longer had the vote,” according to Mobley. Allen’s real estate transactions showed adherence to state and local segregation policies. From 1922-1928, he sold new homes in Wilmont, Mordecai Place, and Fuller Heights to Charles Maddrey, R.B. Stephens, and J.L. Tudor, respectively. Typical of other real estate transactions at the time, all three land deeds stipulated the premises “shall not be occupied by negroes, except domestic servants and their families, employed by the occupants of a dwelling.” Historian Colin Gordon noted such restrictive covenants “grew alongside the modern real estate industry.” They had “lingering effects” on housing patterns and “debilitated the African American community's ability to propagate family wealth,” according to scholars Richard Brooks and Louis Lee Woods. The American Community Survey found Wilmont, Mordecai Place, and Fuller Heights remained predominantly white in 2020. Dan Allen’s legacy is one of service and philanthropy, but it is also one that fits a larger pattern of segregationist policies and practices evidenced throughout the country. Bibliography: Original Source References 1900 United States Census. Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina. Digital image s.v. "Thomas L. Love." Familysearch.org 1910 United States Census. Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina. Digital image s.v. "Thomas L. Love." Familysearch.org Allen, Daniel. “Important Meeting.” News and Observer (Raleigh, N.C.). July 25, 1900. Amarasiriwardena, Thushan. “Get on the Bus.” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.). January 28, 2004. Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-2004-01-28 Anderson, Craig. “Zoo Day to be Saturday.” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.). April 21, 1978. Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v57n83-1978-04-21 Andrews, Chip. “Raleigh Cop, Spring Fever Cause Campus Congregation.” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.). April 4, 1963. Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v47n69-1963-04-04 Bailey, Sean. “Council overrules panel extends access to proposed parking deck at NCSU.” News and Observer (Raleigh, N.C.). November 20, 1987. https://www.newspapers.com/image/655857054 Buste, Elaine. “Parking deck approved.” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.). April 9, 1986. Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v67n75-1986-04-09 Caldwell, Arthur. History of the American Negro and his Institutions. Vol. 4, North Carlina Edition. Atlanta: A.B. Caldwell Publishing Co., 1917. https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica04cald/page/646/mode/2up?q=capehart Capehart, Lovelace Brown, Sr. Grave marker, Mount Hope Cemetery, Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina, digital image s.v. "Dr. Lovelace Brown Capehart," FindaGrave.com. Capehart, Maggie Lillian Love. Grave marker, Mount Hope Cemetery, Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina, digital image s.v. "Maggie Lillian Love Capehart," FindaGrave.com. “Come Along Mandy [advertisement].” News and Observer (Raleigh, N.C.). March 3, 1924. https://www.newspapers.com/image/650683829 Corey, Joe. “Old memories torn down for money, new concrete parking deck.” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.). March 4, 1988. Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v69n63-1988-03-04 Bevers, Fendol. Map of Wake County. [map]. Two miles to one inch. Raleigh, N.C.: Nichols & Gorman, 1871. From North Carolina State Archives, North Carolina Maps. https://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ncmaps/id/241 (accessed April 2, 2021). “Dan Allen Dies of Heart Attack.” News and Observer (Raleigh, N.C.). December 17, 1929. https://www.newspapers.com/image/651038556/ “Election Today.” Morning Post (Raleigh, N.C.). August 2, 1900. https://www.newspapers.com/image/58165382/ Esri_demographics. “American Community Survey Race and Hispanic Origin Variables – Boundaries.” [computer map]. 1:25000. Redlands, CA: ESRI LivingAtlas, 2020. Using ArcGIS Online [GIS software]. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute, 1992-2004. Based on data from U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey (ACS) 2015-2019 5-year estimates, Table(s) B03002. https://services.arcgis.com/P3ePLMYs2RVChkJx/arcgis/rest/services/ACS_Population_by_Race_and_Hispanic_Origin_Boundaries/FeatureServer “Hillel.” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.). February 20, 1976. Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v56n59-1976-02-20 “Housing Authority in the City of Raleigh v. L.B. Capehart and wife, Maggie Capehart.” News and Observer (Raleigh, N.C.). November 9, 1939. https://www.newspapers.com/image/652403366 Lee, Jacqueline. “Dan Allen gate both good and bad for drivers, pedestrians.” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.). November 1, 2013. Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-2013-11-01 “New Plan Coming for Dan Allen.” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.). July 20, 1988. Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v69n87-1988-07-20. North Carolina. Wake County. Deed Books, 1871-present. Office of the Register of Deeds, City of Raleigh. North Carolina State University, Board of Trustees Meeting Minutes, UA 001.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University, Committees, Physical Environment Committee Records, UA 022.008, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University, Division of Student Affairs, Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs Records, UA 016.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University, Office of Finance and Administration, Office of the University Architect Records, UA 003.026, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University, University Archives Reference Collection, Biographical Files, UA 050.003, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University, University Archives Reference Collection, University Buildings, Sites, Landmarks Files, UA 050.004, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Paschall, Dick. “Barefooted Run Grosses $25.” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.). February 27, 1963. Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v47n52-1963-02-27 “Parking Opens Pandora’s Box.” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.). September 19, 1969. Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v54n2-1969-09-19 “Pass Resolution on Daniel Allen.” News and Observer (Raleigh, N.C.). December 22, 1929. https://www.newspapers.com/image/651039296/ Perkins, David. “Private dorm proposed near NCSU.” News and Observer (Raleigh, N.C.). January 21, 1987. https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/655260485/ “Raleigh City Council panel deals setback to deck.” News and Observer (Raleigh, N.C.). November 19, 1987. https://www.newspapers.com/image/655854147 “Scott Club Plans Parade Tonight.” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.). April 16, 1954. Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v38n25-1954-04-16 Slave Records with Birth Dates. List, Bertie County, NC, circa 1840-1864. In the Capehart Family Papers #1494, Southern Historical Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. https://dc.lib.unc.edu/utils/ajaxhelper/?CISOROOT=01ddd&CISOPTR=236729&action=2&DMSCALE=31.486146095718&DMWIDTH=3176&DMHEIGHT=5313 “SG Investigates Student Gripes.” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.). February 28, 1968. Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v47bn47-1968-02-28 Tart, Helen. “Alpha Phi Omega makes final plans for traditional Homecoming parade.” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.). October 8, 1976. Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v57n18-1976-10-08 “Transportation’s Dan Allen Renovations Leave Students Guessing.” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.). September 16, 1987. Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/technician-v69n10-1987-09-16 “White Supremacy Club.” Morganton Herald (Morganton, N.C.). March 1, 1900. https://www.newspapers.com/image/58165382/ “White Supremacy Club.” Raleigh Times (Raleigh, N.C.). June 26, 1900. http://www.newspapers.com/image/64556815/ “Would Name High School Here for Daniel Allen.” News and Observer (Raleigh, N.C.). December 20, 1929. https://www.newspapers.com/image/651039019/ Secondary Reference Sources Brooks, Richard R. W. "Covenants without Courts: Enforcing Residential Segregation with Legally Unenforceable Agreements." The American Economic Review 101, no. 3 (2011): 360-65. Accessed April 3, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29783770. Downs, Gregory P. "University Men, Social Science, and White Supremacy in North Carolina." The Journal of Southern History 75, no. 2 (2009): 267-304. Accessed April 3, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27778937. De Miranda, Cynthia. Historic Architectural Resources Survey Report-Hillsborough Street Improvement Project #1. Durham, NC: Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc., 2004. https://files.nc.gov/ncdcr/historic-preservation-office/PDFs/ER_04-1541.pdf. Gordon, Colin. Mapping Decline: St. Louis and the Fate of the American City. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009. Accessed April 2, 2021. ProQuest Ebook Central. Kosmerick, Todd. “New Deal Construction on the NC State Campus.” Libraries News (blog). North Carolina State University Libraries. July 29, 2019. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/news/special-collections/new-deal-construction-nc-state-campus Hunt, James. “Disenfranchisement.” NCpedia.org. 2006. https://ncpedia.org/disfranchisement Mobley, Joe A. Raleigh, North Carolina: A Brief History. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2009. University Architect, Office of the. “060—Dan Allen Drive Parking History.” Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina State University, 2021. Emailed to author, 11 March, 2021. Woods, L.L., II. “’The Inevitable Products of Racial Segregation’: Multigenerational Consequences of Exclusionary Housing Policies on African Americans, 1910–1960.” American Journal of Economic Sociology 77, no. 3-4 (2018): 967-1012. https://doi-org.prox.lib.ncsu.edu/10.1111/ajes.12229
Brooks Hall, off Pullen Road on North Carolina State University’s North Campus has a diverse history. It is the site where trailblazing professors who emigrated from around the world worked to inspire students. It housed the first library of the university. Its namesake, Eugene Clyde Brooks, was a complicated figure whose policies both enhanced and limited education. The physical building originally housed D.H. Hill Jr. Library, according to a 1925 Technician article. But after the library moved to a larger facility in 1955, scholar Robert “Bob” Burns said the School of Design (SOD) housed offices, studios, and classes in Brooks. By the time SOD moved in, Dean Henry Kamphoefner had hired a faculty that he told NC Architects “discarded the deadly eclecticism and senselessness of the American Beaux Arts to search for a new design expression compatible to modern times [and] committed to design as a social art.” Scholar Victoria Ballard Bell noted that at the suggestion of sociologist Lewis Mumford, Kamphoefner looked outside the United States for faculty, hiring “many leaders of the international Modernist movement.” From 1948-1959, professors and instructors came from Argentina, Austria, Australia, Chile, France, Germany, Great Britain, India, Italy, Poland, and South Africa, according to Burns’ notes. In contrast, the 1956 catalog showed that the rest of the university’s faculty trained in just five countries. “Imagine having had teachers whose names were Parker, Allen and Grigg,” noted alumnus Marley Carroll, “now having professors named Buisson, Caminos, Catalano, Matsumoto, [and] Sengupta.” Scholar Paolo Favole argued Modernism travelled from Europe to the United States and was “revolutionary in character.” Early SOD appointees supported the claim; Maciej “Matthew” Nowicki was a Polish architect who resisted Nazi occupation with clandestine classes during World War II. He and wife Stanislava both taught at NC State, according to Student Publications, and Maciej designed Dorton Arena at the NC State Fairgrounds. In 1948, Kamphoefner also hired George Matsumoto, namesake for the Matsumoto Wing. A decade later, Kamphoefner hired Asit Narayan Sengupta to teach architectural drawing, a University of Calcutta graduate. Favole reported the entire “new world” embraced Modernism, including the two Argentinian architects who became NC State’s first Latin faculty members. Eduardo Catalano oversaw the Department of Architecture at NC State from 1951-1955 because, he later reflected, “of the teachers who compensated their innocence with a pursue [sic] for discovery.” In 1952, Horacio Caminos arrived, “fleeing Argentina from [President Juan] Peron” according to student Abie Harris. Caminos published with students and provided “massive help” on Student Publications during his decade-long tenure, according to student Arthur Cogswell. Catalano and Caminos also “upheld a tradition of experimentalism,” according to Kamphoefner, all while winning national awards. From 1956 to 1957, Chilean Enrique Montenegro taught design. Catalano’s first year was “tough for me and the students,” he recalled in a 1994 interview. “First my language and my lack of experience. And they belonged to another generation…who see that outsider come in from somewhere when they were not used to that.” But he also told Burns that in Raleigh, “no one had the intellectual pretense of people from large cities, only ears to listen and winning hearts and hands to do hard work.” Alumni revered the Latinx professors; John Atkins III reported Catalano “extracted from students their highest creative potential,” and Harris reflected Caminos “had more influence on me” than anyone. Still, Bell pointed out, racism “endemic to the South, to the nation, and to the architecture profession” pervaded the school. In 1951, Chancellor J.W. Harrelson reminded Kamphoefner that “no Negro will be enrolled for any curriculum offered in any college for Negroes in North Carolina.” Catalano reflected in 1994 that he probably remained Acting Head of Architecture for his NC State tenure because “no foreigner could be head.” Finally, a 1975 federal report noted SOD had just one “American Negro” professor, Charles Joyner. Nevertheless, Catalano, Caminos, Joyner, and non-US Modernists ensured students were “subjected to as many points of view as there are men on the faculty,” the Winston-Salem Journal-Sentinel reported. Arthur J. Clement was the first African American graduate of the School of Design in 1971, and Phil Freelon, a noted architect best known for designing the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, was a student there in the 1970s. The school historically honored scholars because of such commitment to student progress. For instance, the first sentence of the 1956 program announcing Brooks Hall’s dedication explained “Dr. Eugene Clyde Brooks was elected president of North Carolina State College after long and distinguished service to the state in the betterment of its educational program.” A University Archives’ biography proved the point: Brooks, a Greene County native born in 1871, had been Superintendent of Goldsboro Schools and a professor of education before becoming State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1919. As State Superintendent, Brooks convinced the General Assembly to pay part of each schoolteacher’s salary in 1919, a News and Observer article noted. In 1921, a colleague recalled, Brooks got lawmakers to loan $5 million so poor, rural school districts could construct bigger facilities. Scholar William B. Gatewood noted Brooks also pushed the General Assembly to fund more training programs for “negro teachers” in 1919, and he won an appropriation of $1 million for segregated “Negro schools” in 1921. Finally, Brooks declared in a 1921 letter that white officials should “talk to negroes and not about them.” But Brooks revealed segregationist assumptions when speaking with African Americans. In a September 1919 meeting with African American Raleigh leaders, Brooks pushed a Declaration of Principles that condemned “intermingling of the races in terms of social equality.” Historian Sarah Caroline Thuesen argued Brooks implied “Black educational advancement hinged on keeping Black ‘agitation’ at bay.” In addition, Brooks’ own Director of Negro Education complained “officials spent ten times as much on white school buildings during the 1920s as they did on black schools.” When Brooks became NC State’s Chancellor in 1923, he used permanent building funds to renovate and construct twenty-two buildings, according to historian David Lockmiller. But seven years later, Brooks noted in his annual report, the NC General Assembly slashed the college’s budget because of the Great Depression--right as enrollment increased. Brooks also navigated the school through the NC General Assembly’s initiative to consolidate three public universities under one administration and eliminate duplicate departments. The school survived the Depression and Brooks protected Raleigh’s Engineering program, noted historian Alice Reagan, but “the pressure of Consolidation” exhausted him. In November 1933, he suffered an arterial thrombosis and paralysis that forced him to step down. He died in 1947. Brooks’ legacy lived on, however, through his 1911 children’s textbook The Story of Cotton. Brooks told young readers that white people were “the superior race,” and that “in the earlier days, freedom for [the enslaved African American] was impossible, for in his semi-savage state the life, liberty, and happiness of the white race would thereby have been endangered.” The school chose to name Brooks Hall after a man who improved North Carolina’s public education system, although, following the dominant white cultural norms of the time, he legitimized white supremacy and preserved segregation within that system. Design students found meaning in the building, however, because of the diverse scholars who chose to teach within its walls. Bibliography: Original Source References Brooks, Eugene, Clyde. “How Shall Agriculture Survive the Depression?” State Record 31, no. 5 (April 1932): 1-12. Agricultural and Mechanical College Record (LD3916 .S7), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. ---. The Story of Cotton and the Development of the Cotton States. Chicago: Rand, McNally Co, 1911. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006056014 ---. Stories of South America; Historical and Geographical. Richmond, VA: Johnson Publishing Company, 1922. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008649491 Brooks, Eugene Clyde, and Lyman P. Powell. Education for Democracy. Chicago: Rand, McNally & Company, 1919. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t2f768p9p Catalano, Eduardo. Interview by Robert Burns, July 9, 1994, audio recording. College of Design, Office of the Dean Records, UA 110.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua110_001-325946-325947 Harris, Edwin “Abie.” Interview by Virginia Ferris, December 19, 2016, transcript and video recording. North Carolina State Oral Histories (MC00449), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/mc00449-oh-harris-20161219 “New State College Library Masterpiece of Architecture.” Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) 18 September 1925. (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. North Carolina State University. 1990 Agromeck: Leaders of the Pack (Raleigh, North Carolina 1990.) Agromeck (LD3928 .N75), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/agromeck-1990 ---, College of Design, Office of the Dean Records, UA 110.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Box 15: Folder “Chancellor J. Harrelson (2 of 2);” Box 70: Folder “Nowicki;” Box 88: Folder “Biographies of Professors” North Carolina State University, College of Design Publications, UA 110.200, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Box 7: Folder “Reflections and Actions” ---. Course catalog (LD3928 .A2253), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/1956 ---, Office of the Chancellor Annual Reports, UA 002.002, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Box 9: Folder “Design School, 1956-1957” “Design School, 1958-1959” Box 24: Folder “President’s Report 1930-1931” ---, Office of the Chancellor, Early Chancellors Records, UA 002.001.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center Box 5: Folders “Consolidation, Correspondence May 1932-August 1932,” “Tennessee Valley Authority, 1932-1933” ---, Office of the Provost, Office for Equal Opportunity and Equity Records, UA 005.009, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Box 6: Folder “Affirmative Action Planning: Correspondence, 1990” Box 41: Folder “Affirmative Action Plan, School of Design” Box 10: Folder “African American Coordinators: Correspondence, 1988-1989” ---, University Archives Reference Collection, Biographical Files, UA 050.003, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center Box 8: Folder “Brooks Hall” and “Caminos, Horacio” ---, University Archives Reference Collection, University Buildings, Sites, Landmarks Files, UA 050.004, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Box 8: Folder “Brooks Hall;” Box 5: Folder “D.H. Hill Library (now Brooks Hall)” Secondary References Sources Bell, Victoria Ballard. Triangle Modern Architecture. Novato, CA: Oro Editions, 2020. Brook, David Louis Sterrett. Henry Leveke Kamphoefner, the Modernist, Dean of the North Carolina State University School of Design, 1948-1972. Master’s Thesis, North Carolina State University, 2005. <http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07252005-164332/unrestricted/etd.pdf>. Brown, Hugh Victor. A History of the Education of Negroes In North Carolina. [Raleigh: Irving Swain Press, 1961. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112042081536 Caminos, Carlos H. Horacio Caminos: Teacher/Docente. Cambridge, MA: Carlos Caminos, 2014. http://sigus.scripts.mit.edu/x/files/Horacio_Caminos_BOOK_INTRODUCTION.pdf Clark, Roger H. School of Design: The Kamphoefner Years 1948-1973. Raleigh: NC State University College of Design Publications, 2007. Favole, Paolo. The Story of Modern Architecture. Munich: Prestel, 2012. Gatewood, Willard B. "Eugene Clyde Brooks and Negro Education in North Carolina, 1919-1923." The North Carolina Historical Review 38, no. 3 (1961): 362-79. Accessed February 1, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23517427. “History of Design Camp.” College of Design. North Carolina State University. Accessed March 8, 2021. https://design.ncsu.edu/designcamp/dc40/history/. Lockmiller, David A. History of the North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering of the University of North Carolina, 1889-1939. Raleigh: [Printed by Edwards & Broughton], 1939. Monteiro, Lyra D. “Power Structures: White Columns, White Marble, White Supremacy.” Intersectionist Medium. October 27, 2020. https://intersectionist.medium.com/american-power-structures-white-columns-white-marble-white-supremacy-d43aa091b5f9 Montenegro, David. Enrique Montenegro: Conversations with the Artist. Albuquerque: David Montenegro, 2012. Kindle. https://www.amazon.com/Enrique-Montenegro-Conversations-Artist-David-ebook/dp/B008OADEC4? Reagan, Alice E. North Carolina State University, a Narrative History. [Raleigh]: North Carolina State University Foundation and North Carolina State University Alumni Association, 1987. Thuesen, Sarah Caroline. Greater Than Equal: African American Struggles for Schools and Citizenship in North Carolina, 1919-1965. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2013. <http://site.ebrary.com/id/10739979>.
Caldwell Hall is situated between Winston Hall and Tompkins Hall on Hillsborough Street. Built in 1981 and originally named Link Hall, due to the fact that it links Winston and Tompkins Hall together, it was renamed for former NC State Chancellor John Tyler Caldwell in 1987. Caldwell, former NCSU Chancellor who served from 1959 to 1975 presided over significant growth in the student body (enrollment more than doubled, reaching over 15,000 students by his retirement) as well as radical increases in the number of women attending. Many new degrees and colleges were added to NC State in the 1960s. Especially notable were the addition of the School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences in 1960, and the School of Liberal Arts in 1963. The History of the College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences states NC State felt the new School was necessary in order to meet “the requirements of modern technology.” The School of Liberal Arts was created as a degree-granting school given to the former non-degree granting School of General Studies. Race was another issue at the forefront of Caldwell’s time as Chancellor. As described by John E. Batchelor in “Race and Education in North Carolina: From Segregation to Desegregation,” North Carolina’s response to the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision was slow, halting, and obstructive, with many people alarmed and angered by moves to desegregate schools. While NC State had admitted its first Black graduate student before this decision, in 1953, it did not admit its first Black undergraduate students until 1956. This all preceded Caldwell’s time as Chancellor, leaving him much to resolve. In 1959 when Caldwell became Chancellor, desegregation and race were still pressing issues for the school and continued to be so. In 1960, NC State had no official policy on accepting Black students from out of state. “The Inclusion and Involvement of African-Americans at North Carolina State University, 1953-1993,” details how Caldwell decided to “quietly” make a policy to accept out of state Black students- but only if they were “exceptionally qualified and never more than a few.” The policy he decided for international students was similar, deciding to accept “only a few if highly qualified.” According to Nash Nicks Winstead, author of “The Inclusion and Involvement of African-Americans at North Carolina State University, 1953-1993,” in 1961 Caldwell joined the Mayor’s Community Relations Committee and acted as an advocate for the integration of Raleigh restaurants; at the time only 11 restaurants near the campus served Black students. In the 1991 Technician article announcing the death of Chancellor Caldwell, former Vice Chancellor of Student Affairs Tom Stafford said, “Caldwell felt the most important day during his career at NCSU was the day Baxley’s Restaurant on Hillsborough St. was integrated.” Another issue facing Chancellor Caldwell was a rise in student protest. As sociologist Colin Barker notes at the beginning of his article, “Some Reflections on Student Movements of the 1960s and Early 1970s,” “The 1960s and early 1970s were notable for the rise and spread of student movements across many parts of the industrialized world.” NC State was no different and students were involved in protests against racism, for workers’ rights, freedom of speech, and anti-War throughout Caldwell’s time as Chancellor. Interviewed in 1975 in a special edition of the Technician called “The Caldwell Years” honoring his retirement, Caldwell stated that he wasn’t against the protests, rather “misbehavior.” He applauded the anti-Vietnam protestors saying, “‘They despised that war in Vietnam but they took the responsible role not just of dialogue but also of protest in a dignified and convincing way in an appeal to reason.” However, he was not always supportive of protests. A NCSU Library News Article put out by special collections, “African American Protests Spring 1969 (Part 1)” after a series of protests for “better wages and working conditions for NC State’s non-academic workers,” Chancellor Caldwell canceled classes on March 5th and addressed 7,000 students, faculty, and staff at Reynolds Coliseum the campus about the recent protests. A Technician article published March 7th reported the speech: “To the campus militants [Caldwell] said: ‘Stop being so disgustingly self-righteous. Self-righteousness is the most unbecoming, unproductive and unenjoyable of all the sins in the catalogue! Some are real enjoyable.. I remind each of you, that despite my record of concern and fairness for the Black man and for every person on this campus, not one of you would be champions had the appreciation or common decency to come near me to find the facts or seek a remedy, if one was needed during the recent protest…’” Protests continued throughout the year especially pertaining to the requests and ongoing tensions and disagreements between the Non-Academic Employees Union Grievance Committee and campus leadership. Several Black employees were fired during this time. The employees claimed it was due to their involvement in protests while the University held it was due to their shirking of job responsibilities. Caldwell remained at NC State until his retirement in 1975, though he continued to teach political science courses at NC State until 1985 and served as the president of the Triangle Universities Center for Advanced Studies, Inc. from 1975 to 1982. Upon his retirement, the alumni association named the University’s first merit scholarship after him. According to the Caldwell Fellows Program website, the Caldwell scholarship eventually merged with the previously established NC State Fellows Program to officially become the Caldwell Fellows Program in 1990. Caldwell passed away in 1995. Original Source References Caldwell, John T., Box 10, North Carolina State University, University Archives Reference Collection, Biographical Files, UA 050.003, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center John Tyler Caldwell Papers, MC 00037, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, Office of the Chancellor, John Tyler Caldwell Records, UA 002.001.004, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, Office of the Vice Chancellor for Finance and Administration Records 1887-2013, UA 003.001, NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center, Box 187 Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. Secondary Source References Batchelor, John E. Race and Education in North Carolina: From Segregation to Desegregation. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2015. Cohen, Robert. Rebellion in Black and White: Southern Student Activism in the 1960s. United States: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013. Ferguson, Roderick A.. We Demand: The University and Student Protests. United States: University of California Press, 2017. https://soh.omeka.chass.ncsu.edu/exhibits/show/1970-johncaldwell/caldwell-work-together Kosmerik, Todd. “African-American Protests, Spring 1969 (Part 1).” NC State University Libraries. March 15, 2019. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/news/special-collections/african-american-protests-spring-1969-part-1 Kosmerik, Todd. “African-American Protests, Spring 1969 (Part 2).” NC State University Libraries. April 23, 2019. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/news/special-collections/african-american-protests-spring-1969-part-2 Kosmerik, Todd. “African-American Protests, Spring 1969 (Part 3).” NC State University Libraries. June 11, 2019. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/news/special-collections/african-american-protests-spring-1969-part-3 Spencer, Anna. “Graduate Students Break the Color Barrier in 1950s.” NC State: The Graduate School. February 7, 2019. https://grad.ncsu.edu/news/2019/02/students-break-the-color-barrier/#:~:text=In%201953%2C%20two%20African%2DAmerican,to%20integrate%20NC%20State%20University.&text=It%20was%20three%20years%20later,to%20NC%20State's%20undergraduate%20programs. Spencer, Anna. “Twists and Turns of Naming NC State.” NC State: The Graduate School. April 30, 2019. https://grad.ncsu.edu/news/2019/04/naming-nc-state/#:~:text=In%201965%2C%20to%20much%20fanfare,or%20North%20Carolina%20State%20University. "Let's Work Together Now" The State of History. Accessed February 10, 2021. https://soh.omeka.chass.ncsu.edu/exhibits/show/1970-johncaldwell/caldwell-work-together “Historical Sketch of North Carolina State University.” NC State Libraries. Accessed February 10, 2021. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/scrc/university-historical-sketch “Energy Performance Contracts.” NC State University: Energy Management. Accessed February 10, 2021. https://sustainability.ncsu.edu/energy-management/programs/energy-performance-contracts/ “Caldwell Fellows: History” NC State Alumni Association, Accessed February 10, 2021. http://www.community.alumni.ncsu.edu/s/1209/caldwell/interior.aspx?sid=1209&gid=1001&pgid=5208 Winstead, Nash Nicks. “Inclusion and Involvement of African-Americans at North Carolina State University, 1953-1993,” (LD3928 .W5 2000), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/LD3928-W5-2000#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-2339%2C17%2C9459%2C7136
Tompkins Hall has been between Hillsborough Street and the Court of North Carolina on North Carolina State University’s North Campus since 1902, although students knew the mill-like structure as the “Textile Building” before 1918. Its namesake, Daniel Augustus Tompkins advanced textiles education at NC State but also promoted white supremacist views in the early 20th century. D.A. Tompkins was born on a South Carolina plantation on October 12, 1851, according to biographer George Winston. He moved north to study engineering and apprentice for the nation’s top steelmaker, Bethlehem Iron Works. After concluding that the South was poorer than the North because it imported food and produced only raw cotton, Tompkins “devoted his life to the promotion of cotton manufacturing industries and the diversification of Southern agriculture,” as Winston recounted. From Charlotte, North Carolina, Tompkins designed more than 300 textile mills, cotton seed oil refineries and electrical plants, according to scholar Gary Mock. Tompkins and others then lobbied for textile schools in both Carolinas like those in the North. He told the North Carolina House Committee on Education in 1899, “as we promote a knowledge of cotton milling, its cost is decreased.” North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (NC A&M) offered its first textile courses that year, but The Alumni News lamented that students “learned only by observation” at cotton mills.” So in 1900, the Board of Trustees (which included Tompkins) borrowed $10,000 from the NC General Assembly to “build and equip a Textile Department,” according to meeting minutes. In 1901, minutes show Tompkins designed the building. By 1902, Red and White articles reported, the building was almost complete enough for students to move $25,000 worth of real equipment—all donated by textile companies—into the space. Even though Thomas Nelson, Dean of the Textile Department, reported the building lacked electrical lights in 1906, his 1907 Annual Report described fifty students learning carding, spinning, weaving, and designing. In 1908, the department added night courses for millworkers; a decade later, the building housed classes like textile chemistry and dyeing and yarn manufacturing. Technician reported in 1926 that students found after-hour uses for the building too: sophomores “improvised ladders and scaffolds” to paint their class numbers onto the clocktower each year. In 1914, a fire of unknown origins burned down all but one section of the Textile Building, according to The News and Observer. NC A&M rebuilt the next year, and by 1919, the Textiles Department enrolled 162 students. It was the most students at any Textile school in the South and the most people nationwide studying cotton manufacturing together in one college. The increased enrollment prompted a 1926 renovation that included a laboratory for industry research, but Nelson complained in 1937 that “the current Textile Building is totally inadequate to take care of the equipment necessary to provide instruction.” The next year, the federal Public Works Administration, which paid unemployed workers to build community resources, funded a new Textile Building, according to Mock. Textiles left Tompkins. From 1939 to 1980, many departments came and left the building: Education, Mathematics, Liberal Arts, Politics, and Speech. Finally, the English Department moved into the building in 1981 following a $5 million renovation that linked Tompkins and Winston Halls via Caldwell Hall, according to University Architect records and Technician. Campus organizations also worked there, from Technician’s offices in the 1940s to the “Agricultural Education Club” in the 1960s to the “Society of Paganism and Magick,” “Amnesty International,” and “Bisexuals, Gays, Lesbians, and Allies” groups in the 1990s. It was also a site of advocacy: in 1998, The Technician reported that women on campus raised “their collective voice” to get “panic buttons” installed at Tompkins and other sites on campus. Eighty years earlier, an academic catalog called the building “Textile Building (Tompkins Hall)” for the first time, but the school did not explain its name change. However, the State Record recalled in 1919 that the Tompkins Textile Society honored D.A. Tompkins because “to him is due the inception of the department.” However, Tompkins spoke out against Black workers and integration in the workplace. “It would seem impossible to work a force of mixed white and black labor where white women and negro men would be…co-workers,” he wrote in the 1899 Cotton Mill, Commercial Features, a textbook “sacred” to mill owners for thirty years according to researcher Michael Sistrom. Tompkins added it was “doubtful whether [African Americans] can ever be successfully used as cotton mill operatives…except in the more menial occupations.” Historian Erin Clune argued Tompkins and other businessmen in the industrializing South normalized their segregationist and white supremacist views for global and Northern audiences by suggesting conditions resembled contemporary European colonialism in Asia and Africa. “There was never a greater mistake than the idea of putting a darkey in charge of cotton raising in a foreign country," Tompkins told a Pennsylvania manufacturer in 1903. After purchasing The Charlotte Observer in 1892, reported Sistrom, Tompkins used his influence to condemn African American politicians, just as News and Observer editor Josephus Daniels did in Raleigh. According to The Charlotte News, Tompkins repeated the sentiment in a 1901 Labor Day speech: “it is to the eternal glory of the white race of the South that they did…live through negro rule without ever surrendering to it.” In the same speech, he also commended those who would “keep the children…in the mills under selected superintendents and bosses.” Tompkins also tried to contain Black landowners. In a 1913 letter, Tompkins informed Progressive Farmer editor Clarence Poe that he agreed with Poe’s ideas about banning Black farmers from owning land in rural, predominantly white areas. Tompkins then ordered his Observer editors to republish Poe’s articles. Daniel Tompkins made major improvements to textiles education at NC State; he also clearly articulated his support for racial segregation. References Original Source References “A&M Textile Plant Burns.” The News and Observer (Raleigh, N.C.), March 26, 1914. In Alvin Marcus Fountain Papers, MC 00007. Legal box 3, Folder “University History Research, Textile Plant Fire.” NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Daniel Augustus Tompkins Papers #724, Southern Historical Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. “For Training Cotton Mill Men.” The Farmer and Mechanic (Raleigh, NC), January 24, 1899. https://www.newspapers.com/image/57467140/ “Labor Day in Charlotte was Well Celebrated.” The Charlotte News (Charlotte, NC), September 2, 1901. http://www.newspapers.com/image/57880656/ North Carolina State University, Board of Trustees Meeting Minutes, UA 001.001. Volumes 1, 2, and 3. NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University, College of Textiles Annual Reports, UA 130.002. Box 4, Folders “College of Textiles-1906,” “College of Textiles-1908,” “College of Textiles-1919,” “College of Textiles-1937.” NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center North Carolina State University, College of Textiles, Office of the Dean Records, UA 130.001. Box 61, Folder “Brochures - The Textile School of North Carolina (Academic Year 1918-1919),” NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University, University Archives Reference Collection, Biographical Files, UA 050.003. Box 56, Folder “Tompkins, Daniel A.” NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University, University Archives Reference Collection, Institutional Histories, UA 050.002. Box 7, Folder “Textiles, College of;” Box 9, Folder “Textiles, College of.” NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. North Carolina State University, University Archives Reference Collection, University Buildings, Sites, Landmarks Files, UA 050.004. Box, 8, Folder “Tompkins Hall.” NC State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Owens, E.B. “Random Sketches of College History.” The Alumni News (Raleigh, NC), May 1924. In North Carolina State University, Office of Alumni Relations Publications (UA010.200), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua010_200-001-bx0012-v7-007 Red and White (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 R4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. Technician (Raleigh, N.C.) (LH1 .N6 T4), Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries. Tompkins, Daniel Augustus. Cotton Mill, Commercial Features. A Text-Book for the Use of Textile Schools and Investors. Charlotte, N.C.: The author, 1899. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001045743 Secondary Source References Baker, Andrew C. "Race and Romantic Agrarianism: The Transnational Roots of Clarence Poe's Crusade for Rural Segregation in North Carolina." Agricultural History 87, no. 1 (2013): 93-114. Accessed January 28, 2021. doi:10.3098/ah.2013.87.1.93. Clune, Erin Elizabeth. "From Light Copper to the Blackest and Lowest Type: Daniel Tompkins and the Racial Order of the Global New South." The Journal of Southern History 76, no. 2 (2010): 275-314. Accessed January 27, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25700054. Hart, Thomas Roy. The School of Textiles, N.C. State College; Its Past and Present. [Raleigh]: [North Carolina State College Print Shop], 1951. Kramer, Paul A. "Imperial Openings: Civilization, Exemption, and the Geopolitics of Mobility in the History of Chinese Exclusion, 1868–1910." The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14, no. 3 (2015): 317-47. doi:10.1017/S1537781415000067. Lockmiller, David A. History of the North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering of the University of North Carolina, 1889-1939. Raleigh: [Printed by Edwards & Broughton], 1939. Mock, Gary N. A Century of Progress: The Textile Program, North Carolina State University, 1899-1999. Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Textile Foundation, 2001. Reagan, Alice Elizabeth. North Carolina State University, A Narrative History. Raleigh: North Carolina State University Foundation and North Carolina State University Alumni Association, 1987. Sistrom, Michael. “Summary of Cotton Mill, Commercial Features.” Documenting the American South. University of North Carolina. Accessed 27 January 2021. https://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/tompkins/summary.html University Architect, Office of the. “022—Tompkins Hall.” Raleigh: North Carolina State University, 2020. Emailed to author, 19 January, 2021. University Architect, Office of the. “Tompkins Hall Building Summary.” Raleigh: North Carolina State University, 2020. Emailed to author, 20 January, 2021. Winston, George Tayloe. A Builder of the New South; Being the Story of the Life Work of Daniel Augustus Tompkins. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co, 1920. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001313462